Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya

Anthracnose of papaya (Carica papaya L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Coating with chitosan (CS) and Ruta graveolens essential oil (REO) might represent a novel eco-friendly method to prevent postharvest anthracnose infection. These compounds show both antimicrobial and eliciting activities, although the molecular mechanisms in papaya have not been investigated to date. In this study, the effectiveness of CS and REO alone and combined (CS-REO) on postharvest anthracnose of papaya fruit during storage were investigated, along with the expression of selected genes involved in plant defense mechanisms. Anthracnose incidence was reduced with CS, REO, and CS-REO emulsions after 9 days storage at 25◦C, by 8, 21, and 37%, respectively, with disease severity reduced by 22, 29, and 44%, respectively. Thus, McKinney’s decay index was reduced by 22, 30, and 44%, respectively. A protocol based on reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was validated for 17 papaya target genes linked to signaling pathways that regulate plant defense, pathogenesis-related protein, cell walldegrading enzymes, oxidative stress, abiotic stress, and the phenylpropanoid pathway. CS induced gene upregulation mainly at 6 h posttreatment (hpt) and 48 hpt, while REO induced the highest upregulation at 0.5 hpt, which then decreased over time. Furthermore, CS-REO treatment delayed gene upregulation by REO alone, from 0.5 to 6 hpt, and kept that longer over time. This study suggests that CS stabilizes the volatile and/or hydrophobic substances of highly reactive essential oils. The additive effects of CS and REO were able to reduce postharvest decay and affect gene expression in papaya frui

Aprovechamiento de la cáscara de cacao y su contenido de pectina en la preparación de mermeladas de tipo comercial

Cocoa shell was subjected to a size reduction process to facilitate treatment, followed by washing with citric acid and water heating to 90°C, to prevent activation of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. The obtained solution was subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analyzes, also the percentage of esterification, the amount of galacturonic acid, the viscosity of the solution and the amount of soluble solids, and an account of the presence of microorganisms is determined. The solution was used as a commercial pectin replacement in the preparation of fruit jams. The results were highly satisfactory, obtaining a degree of esterification of over 70%, a count of microorganisms negligible and highly palatable product.La cáscara de cacao fue sometida a un proceso de reducción de tamaño para facilitar su tratamiento, seguido de un lavado con ácido cítrico y un calentamiento con agua hasta 90 °C, para evitar la activación de la enzima Polifenol-Oxidasa. La solución obtenida fue sometida a análisis microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos, además se determinó el porcentaje de esterificación, la cantidad de ácido galacturónico, la viscosidad de la solución, la cantidad de sólidos solubles y un recuento de la presencia de microorganismos. La solución fue utilizada como reemplazo de la pectina comercial en la preparación de mermeladas de fruta. Los resultados fueron altamente satisfactorios, obteniendo un grado de esterificación de más del 70%, un conteo de microorganismos despreciable y un producto altamente palatable

Experimental adjustment and economic evaluation of HBE microalgae oil extraction for biofuels and bioproducts /

El aumento constante en los precios de los combustibles fósiles y el impacto ambiental que estos producen ha despertado el interés en nuevas fuentes de energía renovables como el biodiésel a partir de microalgas. Este cultivo energético puede potencialmente competir con los combustibles fósiles, debido al alto contenido lipídico de algunas cepas. El presente trabajo muestra la inluencia de las variables temperatura, tiempo y relación biomasa/solvente sobre el proceso de extracción de lípidos de microalgas HBE a escala laboratorio y presenta un análisis preliminar de costos de una planta de producción a escala piloto. Se encontró que las mejores condiciones de operación para la obtención de aceite son un tiempo de extracción de 8 horas, una relación biomasa/solvente de 1/40 y una temperatura de 40°C, un análisis estadístico de los resultados muestra que la única variable estadísticamente signiicativa es la relación biomasa/solvente. Por su parte, el análisis preliminar de costos a escala piloto muestra que el precio del aceite para que el proceso sea rentable debe ser aproximadamente 30,5 USD/kg; un valor alto en comparación con los aceites usados convencionalmente en el proceso de producción de biodiésel.ABSTRACT: The continual increase of fossil fuel prices, and the environmental impact caused by them, has generated the requirement for new renewable environmental-friendly sources. No wonder why, nowadays microalgae biofuels has aroused a particular interest, due to the small farming areas they need, they can grow in several kinds of water and they ensure a large biodiesel production because their high lipid content. This work shows the inluence of temperature, time and relationship between biomass/solvent variables in the lipid microalgae extraction at laboratory scale and a preliminary cost analysis for a pilot-scale production plant is exposed. The best work conditions were found and there are an eight-hour extraction spam, a relevance biomass/solvent of 1/40 and 40°C. However, the statistical analysis showed that there is just one signiicant inluence variable on the process and it is the relevance biomass/solvent. In the preliminary cost analysis, it was found that the oil price to become the process a rental one should approximately be 30.5 USD/kg, this is a higher value compared with conventionally biodiesel production used oils

Synthesis and Evaluation of the Fungal Activity of New Pyrazole-Carboxamides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The pyrazole core has been recognized by their biological properties and included in the synthesis of modern agrochemicals. Part of these studies consists of making structural modifications to pesticides for commercial purposes to increase efficacy. In this article, we present the synthesis of four new pyrazol-4-carboxamide 8a-8d derivatives (PCD), through a four-step synthetic protocol, starting with edaravone 1 and primary amines like benzo-fused, aliphatic, and hydrazines, through a process of low environmental impact. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated against one fungal strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, fungus that causes several losses to farmers around the world, through in vitro sensitivity tests. The compound 8c showed better inhibiting behavior against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, inducing a lag phase of almost 2.77 days. These results were obtained via Gompertz modeling, for the first time reported for biological evaluation of pyrazole-carboxamide derivatives against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.Fil: Gonzalez Lopez, Edwin Javier. Universidad del Atlántico; Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: León Jaramillo, Jhair Carlhino. Universidad del Atlántico; ColombiaFil: Trilleras Vásquez, Jorge Enrique. Universidad del Atlántico; ColombiaFil: Grande Tovar, Carlos D.. Universidad del Atlántico; ColombiaFil: Peralta Ruiz, Yeimmy. Universidad del Atlántico; Colombia. University Of Teramo. Faculty Of Bioscience And Technology For Food, Agriculture And Environment.; ItaliaFil: Quiroga, Jairo. Universidad del Valle; Colombi

Experimentacion y Optimizacion Conjunta de la Disrupcion Celular de Microalgas y Extraccion Soxhletde Aceite Para Alimentacion y Biocombustibles

La producción de biocombustibles y bioproductos utilizando microalgas puede realizarse con tratamientos térmicos para producir biocrudo, o mediante la extracción y transformación de metabolitos específicos. Esta última alternativa incluye las etapas de cultivo, cosecha, secado, extracción de lípidos y purificación o transformación de los mismos. La factibilidad técnica y económica de la obtención de bioproductos derivados del aceite de microalgas depende en gran medida de la eficiencia de extracción de los lípidos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es establecer una metodología para la disrupción celular y extracción soxhlet de aceite de microalgas, y determinar su efectividad en tres cepas nativas; Amphiprora, Desmodesmus y Tetraselmis. Se evaluó el efecto de distintos métodos de disrupción celular como MSA, MHA, HA4M Fast, y HA0.5M Slow,solventes como hexano, ciclohexano y metanol, y tiempos de extracción de 4,6 y 8 horas, sobre la cantidad de aceite extraído. La mayor eficiencia de extracción se obtuvo utilizando disrupción celular MSA. El mejor solvente fue hexano y el mejor tiempo de extracción fue de 8 horas

Reduction of Postharvest Quality Loss and Microbiological Decay of Tomato “Chonto” (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Using Chitosan-E Essential Oil-Based Edible Coatings under Low-Temperature Storage

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the many essential vegetables around the world due to its nutritive content and attractive flavor. However, its short shelf-life and postharvest losses affect its marketing. In this study, the effects of chitosan-Ruta graveolens (CS + RGEO) essential oil coatings on the postharvest quality of Tomato var. “chonto” stored at low temperature (4 °C) for 12 days are reported. The film-forming dispersions (FFD) were eco-friendly synthesized and presented low viscosities (between 0.126 and 0.029 Pa s), small particle sizes (between 1.29 and 1.56 μm), and low densities. The mature index (12.65% for uncoated fruits and 10.21% for F4 coated tomatoes), weight loss (29.8% for F1 and 16.7% for F5 coated tomatoes), and decay index (3.0 for uncoated and 1.0 for F5 coated tomatoes) were significantly different, indicating a preservative effect on the quality of the tomato. Moreover, aerobic mesophilic bacteria were significantly reduced (in five Log CFU/g compared to control) by using 15 μL/mL of RGEO. The coatings, including 10 and 15 μL/mL of RGEO, completely inhibited the mold and yeast growth on tomato surfaces without negatively affecting the consumer acceptation, as the sensorial analysis demonstrated. The results presented in this study show that CS + RGEO coatings are promising in the postharvest treatment of tomato var. “chonto”

Bibliometric analysis of the thermal storage systems research in the last ten years

In this research we analyze the state of the art of the technological developments that are being presented by the scientific community to mitigate the strong environmental changes with renewable energies. The results obtained by the bibliometric techniques in the period 2007-2018 show that in the 1900 published articles the People's Republic of China presents the highest volume of 32.3% of the total publications, showing a strong influence on the development of energy storage technologies and the availability of materials. The results presented in this article allow us to evaluate the development of researchers in this alternative of energy storage as a replacement to the distribution that is done with traditional methods

Chitosan coatings enriched with rue essential oils: effect on control of anthracnose disease during postharvest of Papaya (Carica papaya)

Studies in vitro have evidenced that coatings with 1,0 and 1,5% of REO reduced 91% of the C. gloesporoides mycelia growth. The in-situ studies showed an inhibition from 65% to 100% of the mycelia growth compared with the inoculated control. Papayas coated with 1,0% and 1,5% REO emulsions showed a decay index of 2 and severity of less than 10%. In addition, the physicochemical and sensorial papaya properties were not affected by the coatings compared with uncoated ones at the end of the storage (12 days)

Ajuste experimental y evaluación económica de la extracción HBE de aceite de microalgas para biocombustibles y bioproductos

El aumento constante en los precios de los combustibles fósiles y el impacto ambiental que estos producen ha despertado el interés en nuevas fuentes de energía renovables como el biodiésel a partir de microalgas. Este cultivo energético puede potencialmente competir con los combustibles fósiles, debido al alto contenido lipídico de algunas cepas. El presente trabajo muestra la influencia de las variables temperatura, tiempo y relación biomasa/solvente sobre el proceso de extracción de lípidos de microalgas HBE a escala laboratorio y presenta un análisis preliminar de costos de una planta de producción a escala piloto. Se encontró que las mejores condiciones de operación para la obtención de aceite son un tiempo de extracción de 8 horas, una relación biomasa/solvente de 1/40 y una temperatura de 40 °C, un análisis estadístico de los resultados muestra que la única variable estadísticamente significativa es la relación biomasa/solvente. Por su parte, el análisis preliminar de costos a escala piloto muestra que el precio del aceite para que el proceso sea rentable debe ser aproximadamente 30,5 USD/kg; un valor alto en comparación con los aceites usados convencionalmente en el proceso de producción de biodiésel

Bibliometric science indicators applied to environmental impacts research

The growth and development of research on environmental impacts in terms of publications such as the Web of Science sample are analyzed during the period 2007-2018 using HistCite to learn about a global ranking, citations, article impact, keywords and research trends in this area. The research trend increased during the years 2014 and 2017. The United States is the country with the highest number of publications. The Journal of Cleaner Production is the journal with the highest number of publications, along with Science of Total Environment and the Environmental impact assemble review