Ultrasound investigation in estimation of vascular invasion and morphological verification of pancreatic tumors

The aim of publication. To present potential of ultrasound investigation (US) in diagnostics of pancreatic tumors (PT).Summary. Morphological verification of PT and estimation of stage of their progression are the basic factors of treatment planning. Traditionally «the gold standard» in detection of tumor and estimation of vascular invasion is computer tomography. In world practice US at PT is used only at the stage of primary diagnostics, as a rule, application at specifying diagnostics stage is limited because the method is operator-dependent and storage of study data is complex. However US can be carried out in various planes and positions of the patient’s body, that in some cases helps to receive additional information. Though morphological verification is the leading factor in assessment of prognosis and treatment approach at oncologic diseases, its necessity and ways of tissue sampling at PT is discussed up to now.Conclusion. Potential of US in morphological verification and assessment of vascular invasion of PT is demonstrated by the clinical case example, that has allowed to carry out radical surgical treatment to the patient

АССОЦИАЦИИ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА ГЕНА ADRA2B С ФАКТОРАМИ РИСКА СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ В ПОПУЛЯЦИИ КОРЕННЫХ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ГОРНОЙ ШОРИИ

Study objectives: examine the frequency of genotypes and alleles of I/D polymorphism of gene ADRA2B of native people living in Mountain Shoria (the Shors), as well as their association with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.Material and methods. Overall 221 native people of Shoria were examined. The average age is51.07 ± 1.46 among males, 52.93 ± 0.96 among females (p = 0.286). Anthropometric characteristics, lipid levels of blood and I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B were studied.Results. DD genotype of the gene ADRA2B in the native population of the Shor people is associated with adiposis and high index of "waist/hip", hypertriglyceridemia. The average values of Quetelet index is higher in carriers of this genotype compared with carriers of genotype ID. Average waist indications in homozygous insertions were lower than those in homozygous deletions and heterozygotes. Patients with genotype DD have higher average levels of triglycerides, atherogenic index, cholesterol, very low density lipoproteins.Conclusion. DD allele ADRA2B genotype is responsible for adiposis and high levels of TG among native population of Shoria.Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний Сибирского отделения РАН, Кемерово; Новокузнецкий государственный институт усовершенствования врачей, НовокузнецкЦель исследования – изучить частоты генотипов и аллелей I/D полиморфизма гена ADRA2B в популяции коренных жителей Горной Шории (шорцев), а также их ассоциацию с факторами риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.Материал и методы. Проведено клинико-эпидемиологическое исследование коренного населения труднодоступных районов Горной Шории. Сплошным методом обследован 221 человек, выборка состояла из взрослого населения (лица в возрасте 18 лет и старше). Средний возраст обследуемых составил (51,07 ± 1,46) лет у мужчин, (52,93 ± 0,96) лет у женщин (p = 0,286). Изучены антропометрические данные, показатели липидного спектра крови, I/D полиморфизм гена ADRA2B.Результаты. Генотип DD гена ADRA2B в популяции шорцев ассоциируется с ожирением и повышенным индексом «талия/бедро», гипертриглицеридемией. Средние значения индекса Кетле выше у носителей данного генотипа по сравнению с носителями генотипа ID. У гомозигот по инсерции средние показатели окружности талии оказались меньше, чем у гомозигот по делеции и у гетерозигот. Средние уровни триглицеридов, индекса атерогенности, холестерина липопротеинов очень низкой плотности были выше у лиц с генотипом DD.Заключение. В популяции шорцев маркером генетической предрасположенности к ожирению, нарушению распределения жировой ткани и гипертриглицеридемии является аллель D гена а2В-адренорецептора

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field