Restoring Pre-Industrial CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Levels While Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

© 2020 by the authors. Unless humanity achieves United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and restores the relatively stable climate of pre-industrial CO2 levels (as early as 2140), species extinctions, starvation, drought/floods, and violence will exacerbate mass migrations. This paper presents conceptual designs and techno-economic analyses to calculate sustainable limits for growing high-protein seafood and macroalgae-for-biofuel. We review the availability of wet solid waste and outline the mass balance of carbon and plant nutrients passing through a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The paper reviews the availability of dry solid waste and dry biomass for bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) while generating Allam Cycle electricity. Sufficient wet-waste biomass supports quickly building hydrothermal liquefaction facilities. Macroalgae-for-biofuel technology can be developed and straightforwardly implemented on SDG-achieving high protein seafood infrastructure. The analyses indicate a potential for (1) 0.5 billion tonnes/yr of seafood; (2) 20 million barrels/day of biofuel from solid waste; (3) more biocrude oil from macroalgae than current fossil oil; and (4) sequestration of 28 to 38 billion tonnes/yr of bio-CO2. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) costs are between 25–33% of those for BECCS with pre-2019 technology or the projected cost of air-capture CDR

Characterization of agar from Gracilaria tikvahiae cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in open water farms

Gracilaria tikvahiae, an endemic western North Atlantic red alga, was cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in urbanized estuarine waters in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary, USA. This study assesses the feasibility of an integrated approach of using G. tikvahiae produced in this bioextraction system as sustainable biomass source for agar production. Agars were extracted after alkaline pre-treatment and characterized in terms of gelling strength, chemical composition, chemical structure and gel structure. Results indicated that this seaweed performed similar to other cultivated Gracilaria in terms of extraction yield and gelling strength of the agar. Differences between sites were not significant in terms of agar gel strength, though yield was higher at Long Island Sound. The extracted agars were sulfated, methylated and with no detectable pyruvate substituents. It is possible to use an integrated strategy of nutrient bioextraction in urbanized estuarine waters and agar exploitation with G. tikvahiae.NFWF -Ministry of Education(8012.08.030370)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

FasL is more frequently expressed in liver metastases of colorectal cancer than in matched primary carcinomas

Colorectal carcinoma cells have recently been shown to express Fas ligand (FasL). This ligand could allow the tumour cells to evade activated tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by inducing their apoptosis and would thus promote tumour survival and possibly metastasis formation. To test this hypothesis in vivo we analysed the expression of FasL mRNA and protein in paired tissue samples of normal colonic mucosa (N), primary colorectal carcinomas (T) and their metastases (M) from a total of 21 patients by four different methods. Additionally, the presence and activation status of infiltrating lymphocytes, which might contribute to the total amount of FasL in the tissue, was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) in the same samples. The frequency of FasL detection was 30–40% in T and was 60–100% in M, depending on the sensitivity of the method. Simultaneously, the amount of CD25 mRNA, used as a measure of the number of activated TILs, was in 90% of patients lower in M than in T. The increased frequency of FasL detection in liver metastases was therefore not due to the presence of activated TILs. We conclude that metastasizing subpopulations of colorectal tumour cells express FasL more frequently than the primary carcinomas and may be able to eliminate activated TILs in vivo via Fas/FasL-induced apoptosis or other hitherto unknown mechanisms. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

A reassessment of the Hypoglossum group (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta), with a critique of its genera

A reassessment of the Hypoglossum group (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta), with a critique of its genera. Eight genera are assigned to the Hypoglossum Kützing, Phitymophora J. Agardh, Pseudobranchioglossum Bodard, and Zellera Martens. The circumscription of the group is emended to include forms with network-forming ( Zellera ) an dspirally twisted ( Duckerella ) thalli. The definition of the group is lalso modified to include members (e.g. some species of Hypoglossum ) in which tetrasporangia are produced by primary cells as in the Caloglossa group. Exogenous branching, a distinguishing feature of the closely related Caloglossa group, never occurs in the Hypoglossum group.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47938/1/10152_2006_Article_BF02365624.pd

Survival Strategies and Temperature Responses of Seaweeds Belonging to Different Biogeographic Distribution Groups

The relationship between distributional boundaries and temperature responses of six western European endemic and amphiatlantic rhodophytes were experimentally determined under varying regimes of temperature, light and daylength. The algae fall within two phytogeographic groups: the warm-temperate Mediterranean Atlantic group (Calliblepharis ciliata, Polyneura hilliae, Lomentaria articulata and Cryptopleura ramosa) and the amphiatlantic-temperate group (Callithamnion tetragonum and Lomentaria orcadensis). In the former group, four species appear to have their northern and southern boundaries delimited by winter and summer lethal temperatures, respectively. Growth and reproduction proceeded from 10—20 °C and survival potential at temperatures 20 °C was limited, making their occurrence in northeast America unlikely. The gametophytes of P. hilliae have a narrower survival ränge at low temperatures than the tetrasporophytes thereby restricting its distribution. For the two representatives of the amphiatlantic-temperate group evidence points to the occurrence of ecotypic differentiation with regard to temperature tolerance for populations from the same and from either side of the Atlantic. As yet, the available evidence is insufficient to explain the nature of their geographic boundaries completely. Partly, this may be due to the taxonomic uncertainties that exist in these species