道徳性の起源に関する一考察 ─生き残り戦略としての協業と後付けとしての道徳性─

The aim of this paper was that the origin of human morality was a critical strategy for our ancestors to survive in the harsh environment exposed to repeated risks of climate change and beast predation It was born out of collaboration and that subjective morality is a state of mind that was retrofitted to further promote collaboration. Collaboration, which is a highly sophisticated behavior, was born as a result of punctuated equilibrium evolution

複数の顔からなる集合化表象を用いた魅力判断に関する研究

Chukyo University（中京大学

「首都圏の言語」をめぐる概念と用語に関して

国立国語研究所 時空間変異研究系 非常勤研究員Adjunct Researcher, Department of Language Change and Variation, NINJAL「首都圏の言語」を考えるうえで,関連する概念や用語は多くあるが,類似したものが多く複雑である。そのため本論文では用語整理は志向せず,考察に必要な観点を中心にまとめた。1980年代以降,伝統方言形が衰退し,新しい方言形が注目されるようになると,単純な共通語化モデルから,修正モデルが提唱されるようになった。研究背景として社会言語学の概念の導入や,社会における人口構造の変化などが影響している。東京における言語現象を考える場合,かつての「江戸」である「東京」の中心地域は非常に狭い範囲である。従来の山の手・下町と呼ばれる地域も,隣接地域に拡大している。そのため「東京」よりも「首都圏」と考えるのが適当である。言語的特徴についても東京とその隣接地域は連続的である。移住者の多い首都圏では,人口構成上,伝統方言が継承されにくい。こうした「首都圏の言語」を理解するための観点として,「標準語・共通語」「公的・私的」「方言・俗語」「意識・無意識」「理解・使用」の5つがあげられる。これらの観点をふまえ,新しい方言形を説明する術語として提唱された「新方言」と「ネオ方言」の考えを,「首都圏の言語」に適用することにより,より深く考察することが可能になる。There are several concepts and terminology to consider for the "Language of the Tokyo metropolitan area" (TMA). These concepts and terminology are similar yet also complicated. Therefore, I do not intend to categorize them. Rather, I argue the viewpoints that are adopted when considering them. When the traditional dialect forms declined after the 1980s, new dialect forms developed and attracted attention. Then, modified models were proposed instead of a simple standardization model. The background for these studies was influenced by the introduction of sociolinguistics to the dialectological world and changes in the population structure of Japanese society. The heartland of Tokyo (ex-Edo) is very small, and the areas called uptown/downtown spread into the adjacent area. Therefore, the TMA is more suitable for study compared to the heartland of Tokyo. Tokyo and the adjacent area are continuous in terms of the linguistic characteristics. Given the large population of immigrants in the TMA, traditional dialect forms are rarely used. To understand the language of the TMA, I propose five viewpoints: "standard language or common language," "public or personal," "dialect or slang," "consciousness or unconsciousness," and "understanding or use." We can consider these viewpoints in detail by applying the concepts of "New dialect" and "Neo dialect.

7. 調査結果データベースの構築

国立国語研究

首都圏若年層の言語的地域差を把握するための方法と実践

国立国語研究所 理論・構造研究系 非常勤研究員Adjunct Researcher, Department of Linguistic Theory and Structure, NINJAL首都圏の言語は,構成員の多様さのため非常に複雑であるとされる。しかし現代の共通語は,東京の言語を基盤としており,東京における言語変化の影響を受けている。そのため東京および周辺地域における言語動態の調査は,共通語形成過程の解明にとって不可欠である。首都圏若年層の言語の地域差を把握するための調査には,大量のデータを必要とする。そのためには授業場面での学生を対象とした調査が実施しやすい。しかし学生の回答意欲の低下や,授業時間の圧迫といった問題が考えられる。本研究では,そうした問題を解決する方法を検討し,携帯メールを用いた「リアルタイム携帯調査(RMS)システム」を開発した。RMSシステムは,首都圏若年層の言語形式の収集に適しており,大量データから,詳細な分布状況を明らかにすることが可能となる。Language in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA) is very complicated because of the complexity of the demographic structure. Since the Japanese Standard Language is based on the Tokyo dialect and has been affected by linguistic change in that dialect, investigating the dynamic situation of the younger generation in Tokyo and the surrounding area is essential for understanding the development of the Standard Language. Although it is easy to collect data from the younger generation in this region, it is difficult to detect geographical differences. Large-scale data collection is necessary for identifying nonstandard forms by regions. A questionnaire survey is the most efficient method for collecting massive amounts of data, and texting on mobile phones is easy. Since the cost is low and the results are obtained immediately, the mobile phone method is well-suited to classroom environments. The author developed a new dedicated system for this purpose, called the "Real-time Mobile Survey (RMS) system". The RMS system makes it easy to collect large amounts of data on the usage of dialect forms in the TMA

The influence of marine algae on iodine speciation in the coastaocean

Funding Information: This work was supported in part by grant CHE-1664657 from the National Science Foundation to CJC and FCK, the TOTAL Foundation (Paris) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council grants (NE/D521522/1, NE/ J023094/1, Oceans 2025 / WP 4.5) to FCK. We are also grateful for funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). We thank Dr. M. L. Carter, SIO for help with collection of water samples at Scripps Pier, César O. Almeda-Jáuregui, CICESE for Ocean Data View plots and Dr. Avery Tatters, USC for the initial culture of Lingulodinium polyedra. A fellowship from the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg to CJC is also gratefully acknowledged.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

痛みを表す言語表現ウズクの地域差

国立国語研究所 時空間変異研究系(元)国立国語研究所 時空間変異研究系 非常勤研究員[former] Department of Language Change and Variation, NINJALAdjunct Researcher, Department of Language Change and Variation, NINJAL痛みを表す言語表現のうち動詞ウズクの使用実態について，約18万人を対象に行ったアンケート調査「慢性痛とその言語表現に関する全国調査」をもとに，地域差を中心に世代差・用法差を明らかにし，その背景を考察する。ウズクは，医療現場で患者の病態把握に用いられる質問票でよく用いられる動詞で，共通語と考えられている。しかし，調査結果の分析から，実際には西日本で主に用いられるという地域差と，50～60代で用いられるという世代差があることが明らかになった。用法差については，全国的に部位等によって使用率に違いがあることが明らかになった。この違いは，地域差や世代差と連動する形で現れる。「歯」「切り傷」では東日本を含む全国で用いられるのに対して，「頭」「関節」では西日本に限定され，「腰」「胃／腹」では愛媛県とその周辺地域へと分布域が狭まっている。痛みの性質からみて，「歯」の痛みは，「頭」「関節」「腰」「胃／腹」の順に遠くなっていくと考えられる。そして，歯からの「痛みの連続性」の順に，ウズクの使用率は減少し，分布域も狭くなる。この背景には，ウズクが細かい意味の違いでほかの語と使い分けられている（いた）ことと，身体感覚を表す「気づかない方言」であること，共通語化があると考えられる。身体感覚は個人的な感覚であるため方言が使われやすく，私的場面での使用に偏り，結果的に方言であることが気づかれにくい。関東地方では，もともと使われていたウズクの用法が狭まったか，あるいは，西日本の方言ウズクをごく一部の用法（「歯」「切り傷」）に限定して取り入れたか，双方の可能性が考えられる。In this paper, we clarify the differences in region, generation, and meaning of the verb uzuku, which is used to express a type of pain. We consider the characteristics of its usage through analysis of data from "The Nationwide Survey for Chronic Pain and its Expressions," which was administered to approximately 180,000 people.The verb uzuku is used to diagnose the clinical condition of the patient in a medical context. It is regarded as part of the standard Japanese language and is also used in the survey. However, an analysis of the results of this survey found that uzuku is mainly used in western Japan and by people in their 50s or older.In terms of the differences in meaning, the rate of use declines nationwide in descending order when referring to "toothache," "cut," "headache," "arthralgia," "backache," and "stomachache."Uzuku is used mainly in western Japan to express "toothache," "cut," and "headache." However, it is hardly used for headaches in eastern Japan, while its rate of use in western Japan also declines in under 50s. In Ehime Prefecture, its rate of use is high in expressing "arthralgia," "backache," and "stomachache." Therefore, uzuku has a broader meaning in the Ehime dialect than in other dialects.With regard to the quality of pain, the type of pain is differentiated to an increasing degree from that of "toothache" in the case of "headache," "arthralgia," "backache," and "stomachache." In the order of continuity of pain from "toothache," the rate of use of uzuku decreases and the area of use becomes narrower.Uzuku is part of an "unnoticed dialect," which expresses physical sensation and is standardized with reduction of meaning. Physical sensation is personal, and words of physical sensation tend to be used in the private domain. Therefore, it can easily be overlooked that they are dialect forms.There are many answers to the survey that can be given other than uzuku. These are used differently according to usage or nuance. It is suggested that the meaning of uzuku has become narrower because itai/itamu has taken on the core meaning of pain, especially in the Kanto district

Intracrine activity involving NAD-dependent circadian steroidogenic activity governs age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction

新たなイントラクライン機構を用いた加齢性眼疾患治療へ --眼局所のホルモンの加齢変化とサーカディアンリズムが鍵--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-02-14.Canonically, hormones are produced in the endocrine organs and delivered to target tissues. However, for steroids, the concept of tissue intracrinology, whereby hormones are produced in the tissues where they exert their effect without release into circulation, has been proposed, but its role in physiology/disease remains unclear. The meibomian glands in the eyelids produce oil to prevent tear evaporation, which reduces with aging. Here, we demonstrate that (re)activation of local intracrine activity through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent circadian 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity ameliorates age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction and accompanying evaporative dry eye disease. Genetic ablation of 3β-HSD nullified local steroidogenesis and led to atrophy of the meibomian gland. Conversely, reactivation of 3β-HSD activity by boosting its coenzyme NAD+ availability improved glandular cell proliferation and alleviated the dry eye disease phenotype. Both women and men express 3β-HSD in the meibomian gland. Enhancing local steroidogenesis may help combat age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction