Effet de la substitution partielle de la farine de blé par la purée de banane plantain (Musa AAB AAB) bien mûre sur la qualité des produits de pâtisserie

Objectif : La banane plantain, troisième production vivrière en Côte d’Ivoire, est une denrée saisonnière sujette à d’importantes pertes post récolte évaluées à environ 30 %. Ces pertes surviennent au bout d’un phénomène de murissement rapide (entre 5 et 9 jours) de la banane mature récoltée. Pour contribuer à lever la contrainte de mauvaise conservation et aussi améliorer la valorisation de la banane plantain, les cultivars Affoto et Orishélé ont été expérimentés pour la production de pulpe séchée puis la fabrication de gâteaux.Méthodologie et résultats : La pulpe séchée a été obtenue en trois journées de séchage dans un séchoir solaire type NRI et Conditionnée dans des sachets de polyéthylène de 80 microns d’épaisseur, à température ambiante. Les gâteaux ont été préparés à l’aide d’appareils domestiques selon des formulations mettant en oeuvre différentes proportions farine de blé et de pulpe séchée de banane rehumidifiée. Différentes méthodes standard ont permis d’effectuer l’analyse microbiologique de la pulpe séchée et de déterminer les caractéristiques biochimiques et organoleptiques des gâteaux fabriqués. Le profil microbiologique de la pulpe séchée et conditionnée dans des sachets de polyéthylène de 80 microns d’épaisseur, est resté constant pendant 12 mois, à température ambiante. Lorsque la proportion de purée de banane augmente le gâteau devient moins énergétique, plus dense et plus tendre. La formule 30/70 (farine de blé / purée de plantain) a été retenue comme formule type pour la préparation du gâteau de plantain, compte tenu des préférences organoleptiques (goût, arôme, aspect, textures…) et également des caractéristiques biochimiques.Conclusion et applications potentielles : Ces gâteaux présentent un avantage certain, car ils sont faits avec des ingrédients naturels sans sucre ajouté et ont une bonne qualité gustative. La purée de pulpe de plantain bien mûr pourrait être recommandée aux industries locales dans la fabrication des produits de pâtisserie de haute qualité. La production de la pulpe séchée peut se faire à moindre coût.Mots clés : Substitution partielle, Farine de blé, Pulpe séchée, Purée de banane plantain Musa AAB, Gâteaux de plantainEffect of partial substitution of wheat flour with mashed ripe plantain (Musa AAB) on pastry products qualityObjective: Plantain, third food production in Côte d'Ivoire, is a seasonal commodity subject to significant post harvest losses estimated at about 30 %. These losses occur after a rapid ripening phenomenon (5 to 9 days) of the mature banana harvested. To help overcome the stress of poor preservation and improve the development of plantain, cultivars Affoto and Orishélé were tested for the production of dried pulp and making cakes. Methodology and results: The dried pulp was obtained three days of drying in a solar dryer NRI and packed in polythene bags of 80 microns thickness for 12 months at room temperature. The cakes were prepared using household appliances according formulations implementing different proportions of wheat flour and banana dried pulp re-moistened. Different standard methods have allowed for the microbiological analysis of the dried pulp and to determine the biochemical and organoleptic characteristics of manufactured cakes. Microbiological profile of the dried pulp and packed in polyethylene bags of 80 micron thick remained constant for 12 months at room temperature. When the proportion of mashed banana cake increases the energy becomes less, denser and softer. The 30/70 formula (wheat flour / mashed plantain), was selected as the standard form for the preparation of plantain cake, given the organoleptic preferences (taste, aroma, appearance, texture) and the biochemical characteristics. Conclusion and findings application:To sum up, banana cakes have a certain advantage because they are made with natural ingredients with no added sugar and have a good flavour. Mashed pulp of ripe>plantain could be recommended to local industries in the manufacture of pastry products of high quality. The production of dried pulp can be done cheaply

Propriétés biochimiques et organoleptiques de trois mets traditionnels ivoiriens (attiéké, placali, attoukpou) à base de granulés de manioc natifs

Des granulés de manioc natif ont été produits et conservés pendant 24 mois en vu de les utiliser après reconstitution pour préparer les mets traditionnels. Trois mets traditionnels ivoiriens (attiéké, attoukpou, placali) ont été confectionnés avec les granulés de manioc natif produits à partir trois cultivars de manioc: Bonoua, Soglo et Yacé. Les propriétés biochimiques et organoleptiques de ces mets ont été déterminées selon les méthodes d’analyse standard. Les résultats ont montré que l’attiéké de manioc frais contenait 45,17% d’amidon et 0,49% de sucres, tandis que celui obtenu avec les granulés avait une teneur en amidon de 31,45 et 8,4 % de sucres. En ce qui concerne l’attoukpou, les teneurs en amidon et en sucres étaient respectivement de 47,93 et 0,8% lorsque le manioc frais est utilisé pour la préparation alors que les teneurs obtenues pour l’attoukpou préparé avec les granulés étaient de 35,5% pour l’amidon et 8,4% pour les sucres, comme dans le cas de l’attiéké des granulés. L’acidité titrable du placali est de 20 méq.g/100 g avec le manioc frais contre 5 méq. g/100g, pour le produit obtenu avec les granulés. Le placali de manioc frais contient 0,9 mg HCN/100 g et celui obtenu à partir des granulés n’en contient que des traces. Les teneurs en amidon, en sucres totaux et en sucres réducteurs sont respectivement de 8,37, 12, 3, et 3,03% pour le placali de manioc frais contre 6, 13,2 et 3,55% pour celui fait à partir des granulés. L’évaluation des propriétés organoleptiques des produits a révélé qu’il n’y aucune différence significative entre les produits issus du manioc frais et ceux obtenus avec les granulés de manioc natif conservés pendant deux ans, s’agissant de la couleur, l’arôme et de la texture. Par contre, en ce qui concerne le goût et l’aigreur, les mets confectionnés avec les granulés de manioc natifs ont été jugés meilleurs par rapport à ceux issus du manioc frais.Mots clés : Granulés de manioc natifs, propriétés biochimiques et organoleptiques, mets traditionnels ivoiriens, attiéké, placali, attoukpou

The fate of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the South Atlantic

The pathways of recently ventilated North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) are part of the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). In the South Atlantic these pathways have been the subject of discussion for years, mostly due to the lack of observations. Knowledge of the pathways of the AMOC in the South Atlantic is a first order prerequisite for understanding the fluxes of climatically important properties. In this paper, historical and new observations, including hydrographic and oxygen sections, Argo data, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are examined together with two different analyzes of the Ocean general circulation model For the Earth Simulator (OFES) to trace the pathway of the recently ventilated NADW through the South Atlantic. CLIVAR-era CFCs, oxygen and salinity clearly show that the strongest NADW pathway in the South Atlantic is along the western boundary (similar to the North Atlantic). In addition to the western boundary pathway, tracers show an eastward spreading of NADW between ~17 and 25°S. Analyzed together with the results of earlier studies, the observations and model output presented here indicate that after crossing the equator, the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) transports water with the characteristics of NADW and a total volume transport of approximately 14Sv (1Sv=106m3s-1). It crosses 5°S as a narrow western boundary current and becomes dominated by eddies further south. When this very energetic eddying flow reaches the Vitória-Trindade Ridge (~20°S), the flow follows two different pathways. The main portion of the NADW flow continues along the continental shelf of South America in the form of a strong reformed DWBC, while a smaller portion, about 22% of the initial transport, flows towards the interior of the basin

The Exotic XYZ Charmonium-like Mesons

Charmonium, the spectroscopy of c\bar{c} mesons, has recently enjoyed a renaissance with the discovery of several missing states and a number of unexpected charmonium-like resonances. The discovery of these new states has been made possible by the extremely large data samples made available by the B-factories at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and at KEK in Japan, and at the CESR e^+e^- collider at Cornell. Conventional c\bar{c} states are well described by quark potential models. However, many of these newly discovered charmonium-like mesons do not seem to fit into the conventional c\bar{c} spectrum. There is growing evidence that at least some of these new states are exotic, i.e. new forms of hadronic matter such as mesonic-molecules, tetraquarks, and/or hybrid mesons. In this review we describe expectations for the properties of conventional charmonium states and the predictions for molecules, tetraquarks and hybrids and the various processes that can be used to produce them. We examine the evidence for the new candidate exotic mesons, possible explanations, and experimental measurements that might shed further light on the nature these states.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures. Review for Ann Rev Nucl & Part Sc

True Neutrality as a New Type of Flavour

A classification of leptonic currents with respect to C-operation requires the separation of elementary particles into the two classes of vector C-even and axial-vector C-odd character. Their nature has been created so that to each type of lepton corresponds a kind of neutrino. Such pairs are united in families of a different C-parity. Unlike the neutrino of a vector type, any C-noninvariant Dirac neutrino must have his Majorana neutrino. They constitute the purely neutrino families. We discuss the nature of a corresponding mechanism responsible for the availability in all types of axial-vector particles of a kind of flavour which distinguishes each of them from others by a true charge characterized by a quantum number conserved at the interactions between the C-odd fermion and the field of emission of the corresponding types of gauge bosons. This regularity expresses the unidenticality of truly neutral neutrino and antineutrino, confirming that an internal symmetry of a C-noninvariant particle is described by an axial-vector space. Thereby, a true flavour together with the earlier known lepton flavour predicts the existence of leptonic strings and their birth in single and double beta decays as a unity of flavour and gauge symmetry laws. Such a unified principle explains the availability of a flavour symmetrical mode of neutrino oscillations.Comment: 19 pages, LaTex, Published version in IJT

Mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not (Order Scleractinia, Class Anthozoa, Phylum Cnidaria)

Modern hard corals (Class Hexacorallia; Order Scleractinia) are widely studied because of their fundamental role in reef building and their superb fossil record extending back to the Triassic. Nevertheless, interpretations of their evolutionary relationships have been in flux for over a decade. Recent analyses undermine the legitimacy of traditional suborders, families and genera, and suggest that a non-skeletal sister clade (Order Corallimorpharia) might be imbedded within the stony corals. However, these studies either sampled a relatively limited array of taxa or assembled trees from heterogeneous data sets. Here we provide a more comprehensive analysis of Scleractinia (127 species, 75 genera, 17 families) and various outgroups, based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b), with analyses of nuclear genes (ßtubulin, ribosomal DNA) of a subset of taxa to test unexpected relationships. Eleven of 16 families were found to be polyphyletic. Strikingly, over one third of all families as conventionally defined contain representatives from the highly divergent "robust" and "complex" clades. However, the recent suggestion that corallimorpharians are true corals that have lost their skeletons was not upheld. Relationships were supported not only by mitochondrial and nuclear genes, but also often by morphological characters which had been ignored or never noted previously. The concordance of molecular characters and more carefully examined morphological characters suggests a future of greater taxonomic stability, as well as the potential to trace the evolutionary history of this ecologically important group using fossils

Initiating head development in mouse embryos: integrating signalling and transcriptional activity

The generation of an embryonic body plan is the outcome of inductive interactions between the progenitor tissues that underpin their specification, regionalization and morphogenesis. The intercellular signalling activity driving these processes is deployed in a time- and site-specific manner, and the signal strength must be precisely controlled. Receptor and ligand functions are modulated by secreted antagonists to impose a dynamic pattern of globally controlled and locally graded signals onto the tissues of early post-implantation mouse embryo. In response to the WNT, Nodal and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling cascades, the embryo acquires its body plan, which manifests as differences in the developmental fate of cells located at different positions in the anterior–posterior body axis. The initial formation of the anterior (head) structures in the mouse embryo is critically dependent on the morphogenetic activity emanating from two signalling centres that are juxtaposed with the progenitor tissues of the head. A common property of these centres is that they are the source of antagonistic factors and the hub of transcriptional activities that negatively modulate the function of WNT, Nodal and BMP signalling cascades. These events generate the scaffold of the embryonic head by the early-somite stage of development. Beyond this, additional tissue interactions continue to support the growth, regionalization, differentiation and morphogenesis required for the elaboration of the structure recognizable as the embryonic head

Many-body localization in a quantum simulator with programmable random disorder

When a system thermalizes it loses all local memory of its initial conditions. This is a general feature of open systems and is well described by equilibrium statistical mechanics. Even within a closed (or reversible) quantum system, where unitary time evolution retains all information about its initial state, subsystems can still thermalize using the rest of the system as an effective heat bath. Exceptions to quantum thermalization have been predicted and observed, but typically require inherent symmetries or noninteracting particles in the presence of static disorder. The prediction of many-body localization (MBL), in which disordered quantum systems can fail to thermalize in spite of strong interactions and high excitation energy, was therefore surprising and has attracted considerable theoretical attention. Here we experimentally generate MBL states by applying an Ising Hamiltonian with long-range interactions and programmably random disorder to ten spins initialized far from equilibrium. We observe the essential signatures of MBL: memory retention of the initial state, a Poissonian distribution of energy level spacings, and entanglement growth in the system at long times. Our platform can be scaled to higher numbers of spins, where detailed modeling of MBL becomes impossible due to the complexity of representing such entangled quantum states. Moreover, the high degree of control in our experiment may guide the use of MBL states as potential quantum memories in naturally disordered quantum systems.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure

Quantum interferometry with three-dimensional geometry

Quantum interferometry uses quantum resources to improve phase estimation with respect to classical methods. Here we propose and theoretically investigate a new quantum interferometric scheme based on three-dimensional waveguide devices. These can be implemented by femtosecond laser waveguide writing, recently adopted for quantum applications. In particular, multiarm interferometers include "tritter" and "quarter" as basic elements, corresponding to the generalization of a beam splitter to a 3- and 4-port splitter, respectively. By injecting Fock states in the input ports of such interferometers, fringe patterns characterized by nonclassical visibilities are expected. This enables outperforming the quantum Fisher information obtained with classical fields in phase estimation. We also discuss the possibility of achieving the simultaneous estimation of more than one optical phase. This approach is expected to open new perspectives to quantum enhanced sensing and metrology performed in integrated photonic.Comment: 7 pages (+4 Supplementary Information), 5 figure