Comparison of the activity of selamectin, imidacloprid and fipronil for the treatment of cats infested experimentally with Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides felis strongylus

Twenty adult, domestic short hair cats were randomly allocated into four groups of five cats and housed in separated cages. Each cat was infested with 25 fleas Ctenocephalides felis felis and 25 Ctenocephalides felis strongylus and 2 days later (day 0) the cats in group 1, 2 and 3 received a spot on application of selamectin, imidacloprid or fipronil, respectively, while the cats in group four were not treated. The cats were combed 48 h later, the fleas were removed, counted and their subspecies were determined. All the cats were reinfested with the same number of the two subspecies of fleas on days 7, 14, 21, 29 and 35. The efficacy of each treatment was calculated 48 h after each infestation. The mean number of fleas on the control cats was 16.4 C. f. felis and 13.4 C. f. strongylus. The three treatments were effective for the first 31 days for C. f. felis and for the full 37 days for C. f. strongylus. Over the first 31 days, the efficacy of selamectin ranged from 89 to 100% and 85 to 100% against C. f. felis and C. f. strongylus, respectively, the efficacy of imidacloprid ranged from 76 to 100% and 92 to 100% and the efficacy of fipronil ranged from 98 to 100% and 97 to 100% against C. f. felis and C. f. strongylus. There were no significant differences between the control of C. f. felis and C. f. strongylus by the three products

Kernel Inverse Regression for spatial random fields

In this paper, we propose a dimension reduction model for spatially dependent variables. Namely, we investigate an extension of the \emph{inverse regression} method under strong mixing condition. This method is based on estimation of the matrix of covariance of the expectation of the explanatory given the dependent variable, called the \emph{inverse regression}. Then, we study, under strong mixing condition, the weak and strong consistency of this estimate, using a kernel estimate of the \emph{inverse regression}. We provide the asymptotic behaviour of this estimate. A spatial predictor based on this dimension reduction approach is also proposed. This latter appears as an alternative to the spatial non-parametric predictor

The smallholder development by remittances of migrants

The following pages report the results of our survey conducted among (Malian, Senegalese and Mauritanian) Soninké migrants during the period of 14th to 4 December 2015, living in the social residences of the former home Pinel (first home of migrant workers in France). This survey had to aim to discuss the implementation and use of a new tool to transfer the money in order to reduce use of informal channels, to promote financial inclusion, to finance smallholding and to develop entrepreneurship in rural by granting of credits medium or long term via Microfinance Institutions (IMF).Les pages suivantes rapportent les résultats de notre enquête menée dans la période du 14 au 04 décembre 2015 auprès des migrants Soninké d’origines maliennes, sénégalaises et mauritaniennes habitant les résidences sociales composant l’ancien foyer Pinel (premier foyer de travailleurs migrants en France). Cette enquête avait pour but de discuter de la mise en place et l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de transfert d’argent permettant de réduire l’utilisation des canaux informels, favoriser l’inclusion financière, financer la petite exploitation et développer l’entreprenariat en milieu rural par l’octroi de crédit moyen/long terme via les institutions de microfinance (IMF)

Le développement de l’agriculture familiale par les transferts des migrants

The following pages report the results of our survey conducted among (Malian, Senegalese and Mauritanian) Soninké migrants during the period of 14th to 4 December 2015, living in the social residences of the former home Pinel (first home of migrant workers in France). This survey had to aim to discuss the implementation and use of a new tool to transfer the money in order to reduce use of informal channels, to promote financial inclusion, to finance smallholding and to develop entrepreneurship in rural by granting of credits medium or long term via Microfinance Institutions (IMF).Les pages suivantes rapportent les résultats de notre enquête menée dans la période du 14 au 04 décembre 2015 auprès des migrants Soninké d’origines maliennes, sénégalaises et mauritaniennes habitant les résidences sociales composant l’ancien foyer Pinel (premier foyer de travailleurs migrants en France). Cette enquête avait pour but de discuter de la mise en place et l’utilisation d’un nouvel outil de transfert d’argent permettant de réduire l’utilisation des canaux informels, favoriser l’inclusion financière, financer la petite exploitation et développer l’entreprenariat en milieu rural par l’octroi de crédit moyen/long terme via les institutions de microfinance (IMF)

{Bis[2-(diphenyl­phosphan­yl)eth­yl]phenyl­phosphane-κ3 P,P′,P′′}[(Z)-8-mesityl­cyclo­oct-4-en-1-yl]platinum(II) tetra­fluorido­borate dichloro­methane disolvate

In the title ionic compound, [Pt(C17H23)(C34H33P3)](BF4)·2CH2Cl2, the PtII atom adopts a square-planar coordination geometry with the large (Z)-8-mesityl­cyclo­oct-4-en-1-yl group occupying the fourth coordination site. The (triphos)Pt moiety and the mesityl group are attached to the cyclo­oct-4-ene motif at the 1- and 8-position in a syn configuration. The (BF4)− anion and one of the dichloromethane solvate molecules each are disordered over two sets of sites

Genetic and environmental influences on developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol use

Adolescent alcohol use demonstrates distinct developmental trajectories with different times of onset, levels, and rates of growth. Twin research on adolescent alcohol use has shown that genetic influences are consistent with a gradual growth of risks, whereas non-shared environmental influences are more consistent with an accumulation of risks over time. The current study investigated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on shaping different developmental trajectories of alcohol use through adolescence. Self-reported past year alcohol use was collected from 877 Canadian twins (47.1% males) at age 13, 14, 15, and 17-year-old. Growth mixture models were fit to examine different developmental trajectories of alcohol use, and biometric liability threshold models were fit to investigate genetic and environmental influences on the liability of belonging to identified trajectories. Three trajectories were identified: low (15.1%), early onset (8.2%), and normative increasing (76.7%). Memberships in the low and early onset group were under genetic (27.6% and 34.7%), shared (42.4% and 21.5%), and non-shared environment influences (30.0% and 43.8%). Membership in the normative increasing group was under genetic (37.7%) and non-shared environment influences (62.3%). Non-shared environmental influences were significantly larger for the normative increasing trajectory than for the low trajectory. These findings provide a more refined picture of genetic and environmental influences in the development of alcohol use in subgroups of adolescents. Genetic and environmental influences both matter, but to different degrees in different trajectories. Future research should identify specific shared and non-shared environmental experiences that distinguish different trajectories

In-situ estimation of non-regulated pollutant emission factors in an urban area of Nantes, France, with fleet composition characterization

The purpose of this study is to estimate the in-situ emission factors of several pollutants (particle number [PN], black carbon [BC] and several volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds [VOCs and SVOCs]) in an urban area of Nantes, France, with real-world traffic conditions and characterization of the fleet composition. The fleet composition and driving conditions are characterized by the number of vehicles, their speeds and their types (passenger cars [PCs], light commercial vehicles [LCVs], heavy-duty vehicles [HDVs]) as well as their characteristics (make, model, fuel, engine, EURO emission standard, etc.). The number of vehicles passing on the boulevard is around 20,000 per day with about 44% of Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles. The impacts of fleet composition on emission were analyzed by ANOVA. The results show that the fleet composition has a significant impact on emissions for different pollutants. Higher percentage of gasoline PCs between Euro 4 to Euro 6 and Euro 4 diesel PCs induces more BC emission. Higher percentage of old gasoline and diesel vehicles (? Euro 3) induces higher emission of toluene, ethylbenzene and m+p- and o-xylene. Furthermore, emission factors estimated in this work were compared to those calculated in other in-situ studies that show a good agreement. For the chassis bench comparison, the in-situ PN and BC emission factors are in the same range as those measured for diesel vehicles without particle filter and gasoline vehicles with direct injection system. These EFs are also comparable with old heavy duty vehicles without particle filter (5x1013-2x1014 #/km)

Caractérisation d'un Système Lagunaire en Zone Tropicale: Cas du lac Nokoué (Bénin)

This survey permitted to make hydrological balance of the lake Nokoué and to know quality physico-chemical of the waters of the lake in order to offer the basis elements for a future ecological modeling of the system. The results of hydrological balance show that the average of the flow of the soft waters received by the lake in period of high waters is 216m3/s essentially brought by the Ouémé stream, the longest stream of Benin that crosses the country from the north to the south. This value falls to 49m3/s in dry season with 86% of the flow brought by the Sô river in dry season. In dry season, the Sô at Ganvié has the most important rate of organic load (53% DBO). For the phosphorus in dry season, the highest rate is gotten at the level of strongest rate is gotten at the level of Ouémé stream at Totchè (42%). In the period of high waters (from August to October) a dilution effect of the contribution is observed. In term of nutrient loads brought by purification systems, the results obtained are 360kg/j-P and 840 kg/j - N for Cotonou and Calavi and 150 kg/j- P and 700 kg/j-N for Ganvié. The contributions of "Acadjas " give 2,3 - 2,9 kg/j P and 29 - 36 N kg/j. The main results obtained for the physico-chemical for characterization are presented as follows: * a very remarkable saline intrusion in dry season, Sô at Ganvié the value passes from 0g/L in period of high waters to 2,5g/L in dry season, * the average pH varies between 6,6 and 7,5 for the waters of the bottom and between 6,9 and 7,8 for the waters of surface of the lake. The pH varies very little between the bottom of the lake and its surface, * the values of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are extensively high than the limited values indicated by the system of classification by the Organization of Cooperation and Economic Development (OECD). The waters of the lake are therefore eutropheses. We notice a seasonal evolution of the system. According to the factors of control hyacinths of waters, it is concluded that nutrients control the development of hyacinths when the salinity doesn't inhibit the growth of hyacinths anymore; that means of July to January