Critical factors driving spatiotemporal variability in the phytoplankton community structure of the coral habitat in Dongshan Bay, China

This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of the phytoplankton in the coral habitat of Dongshan Bay (China), along with critical factors affecting the distribution, during June, August, and December 2022. Phytoplankton abundance in Dongshan Bay exhibited considerably temporal variation, peaking in June 2022, gradually decreasing thereafter, and reaching its lowest point in December 2022. The abundance of bottom-layer phytoplankton consistently exceeded that of the surface layer throughout all seasons. The average phytoplankton abundance in the coral habitat of Dongshan Bay was lower than that in non-coral habitat areas. Fluctuations in the Zhangjiang River and coastal upwelling influenced the diversity and community structure of the phytoplankton. Critical factors causing spatiotemporal variability in phytoplankton community structure included nutrient concentrations and seawater temperature. Nutrients played key roles in influencing various phytoplankton groups. Dominant diatom species, such as Thalassionema nitzschioides and Thalassiosira diporocyclus, were positively correlated with ammonia nitrogen, seawater salinity, coral cover, and the number of coral species present. In winter, Calanus sinicus exhibited a negative correlation with harmful algal bloom species. Additionally, it was found that both in the coral habitat and surrounding open sea, currents, nutrients, and zooplankton may play crucial roles in determining the spatiotemporal variability in the phytoplankton community structure

Nocturnal sap flow as compensation for water deficits: an implicit water-saving strategy used by mangroves in stressful environments

As part of the plant water-use process, plant nocturnal sap flow (Qn) has been demonstrated to have important ecophysiological significance to compensate for water loss. The purpose of this study was to explore nocturnal water-use strategies to fill the knowledge gap in mangroves, by measuring three species co-occurring in a subtropical estuary. Sap flow was monitored over an entire year using thermal diffusive probes. Stem diameter and leaf-level gas exchange were measured in summer. The data were used to explore the different nocturnal water balance maintaining mechanisms among species. The Qn existed persistently and contributed markedly over 5.5%~24.0% of the daily sap flow (Q) across species, which was associated with two processes, nocturnal transpiration (En) and nocturnal stem water refilling (Rn). We found that the stem recharge of the Kandelia obovata and Aegiceras corniculatum occurred mainly after sunset and that the high salinity environment drove higher Qn while stem recharge of the Avicennia marina mainly occurred in the daytime and the high salinity environment inhibited the Qn. The diversity of stem recharge patterns and response to sap flow to high salinity conditions were the main reasons for the differences in Qn/Q among species. For Kandelia obovata and Aegiceras corniculatum, Rn was the main contributor to Qn, which was driven by the demands of stem water refilling after diurnal water depletion and high salt environment. Both of the species have a strict control over the stomata to reduce water loss at night. In contrast, Avicennia marina maintained a low Qn, driven by vapor pressure deficit, and the Qn mainly used for En, which adapts to high salinity conditions by limiting water dissipation at night. We conclude that the diverse ways Qn properties act as water-compensating strategies among the co-occurring mangrove species might help the trees to overcoming water scarcity