Immunoregulatory functions and therapeutic potential of natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles in chronic diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proven to play a significant immunoregulatory role in many chronic diseases, such as cancer and immune disorders. Among them, EVs derived from NK cells are an essential component of the immune cell functions. These EVs have been demonstrated to carry a variety of toxic proteins and nucleic acids derived from NK cells and play a therapeutic role in diseases like malignancies, liver fibrosis, and lung injury. However, natural NK-derived EVs (NKEVs) have certain limitations in disease treatment, such as low yield and poor targeting. Concurrently, NK cells exhibit characteristics of memory-like NK cells, which have stronger proliferative capacity, increased IFN-γ production, and enhanced cytotoxicity, making them more advantageous for disease treatment. Recent research has shifted its focus towards engineered extracellular vesicles and their potential to improve the efficiency, specificity, and safety of disease treatments. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of NK-derived EVs and the latest advancements in disease therapy. Specifically, we will compare different cellular sources of NKEVs and explore the current status and prospects of memory-like NK cell-derived EVs and engineered NKEVs

Lonchopteridae

Key species (males) of Lonchopteridae from Guangxi 1. Fore tibia without dorsal setae at middle; fore tarsus thick, as wide as fore tibia; wing somewhat obtuse at tip, with a large brown apical spot [genus Spilolonchoptera ] ........................... S. curtifurcata Yang, 1998 - Fore tibia with dorsal setae at middle; fore tarsus thin, narrower than fore tibia; wing pointed at tip, with- out large brown apical spot [genus Lonchoptera ]...................................................................................... 2 2. Mid leg normal, without long curved setae................................................................................................. 3 - Mid femur excavate dorsally at middle, with 1 long curved seta apically; mid tibia with many long curved setae L. excavata Yang and Chen, 1995 3. Antenna brown or dark brown.................................................................................................................... 4 - Antenna yellow ............................................................................................... L. orientalis (Kertész, 1914) 4. Thorax brown or dark brown, mesonotum uniformly brown or dark brown.............................................. 5 - Thorax yellow, mesonotum with brown lateral margin .......................................... L. pipi Andersson, 1971 5. Cercus small, shorter than epandrium, not bilobed ....................................................... L. unicolor sp. nov. - Cercus rather large, nearly as long as epandrium, bilobed apically............. L. pinglongshanensis sp. nov.Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Lonchoptera Meigen 1803

Genus Lonchoptera Meigen, 1803 Diagnosis. Fore tibia with dorsal setae at middle. Fore tarsus thin, narrower than fore tibia. Wing pointed at tip, without large brown apical spot.Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Lonchoptera pipi Andersson 1971

Lonchoptera pipi Andersson, 1971 Lonchoptera pipi Andersson, 1971: 230. Type locality: Kambaiti, N. E. Burma. Diagnosis. Head yellow with brownish frons. Thorax yellow; mesonotum with brownish lateral margin. Mid tibia with many setae mainly on apical 1 / 3. Sternite 3 without mid-posterior incision. Cercus short and broad, with two cylindrical mid-posterior processes, each ending with a ventral spine. Gonopod apically long fingerlike, ending in a curved spine with thick base. Material examined. 1 male, Guangxi: Maoershan, Jinshi, 5. VIII. 2005, Yinxia Liao; 3 males, Guangxi: Maoershan, Sanjiangyuan, 9. VIII. 2005, Yinxia Liao; 2 males, Guangxi: Maoershan, Sanjiangyuan, 9. VIII. 2005, Yajun Zhu. Distribution. China (Guangxi), Burma. Remarks. This species is recorded from China for the first time.Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Lonchoptera unicolor Dong, Pang and Yang, sp. nov.

Lonchoptera unicolor Dong, Pang and Yang, sp. nov. (Figs. 12–23) Diagnosis. Antennae brown; arista black. Thorax uniformly dark brown. Mid tibia shorter than fore tibia. Cercus small lamellate. Description. MALE. Body length 2.6–2.7 mm, wing length 2.6–2.8 mm. Head dark brown with pale pruinosity, except face and gena dark yellow. Vestiture on head black. Antennae brown; arista long, black. Proboscis and palpus brown. Thorax dark brown with pale pruinosity, but slightly pale ventrally; humerus brownish yellow; scutellum dark brown with brown margin. Setae black. Legs (Figs. 12–15) brownish yellow with brown tibiae and tarsi. Mid tibia shorter than fore tibia. Vestiture on legs black. Fore femur apically with 2 a, 1 d, 1 ad, 1 av, 1 pv and 2 pd; fore tibia with 1 short d at base, 1 ad and 1 pd at middle, apically with 1 short d, 1 pv and 1 pd. Fore tarsomere 3 with 7 small ventral spines; tarsomere 5 with 6 seta-like setulae. Mid femur with 1 a at basal 2 / 5, apically with 1 a, 1 av, 1 pv and 1 pd; mid tibia with 1 short d at base, 1 ad and 1 pd at middle, apically with 1 preapical ad, 1 preapical v, 1 d, 1 short av and 1 long pv. Hind femur apically with 1 a, 1 av, 2 ad, 1 pd, 1 pv and 1 pd; hind tibia basally with 1 short d, 1 ad and 1 pd, apically with 1 preapical ad, 2 preapical short av and 1 d. Hind tarsomere 1 with 1 slightly long av and 1 pv at extreme base, apically with 1 av and 1 pv. Wing pale yellowish brown; veins brown with short dorsal setae except Sc and R 2 + 3; a row of longer seta-like setulae at base of C. Relative lengths of M 1 + 2: M 2 = 38: 75. Halter dark brown with brown stem. Abdomen dark brown, covered with pale pruinosity. Vestiture on abdomen black. Tergite 8 small, trapeziform. Sternite 3 (Fig. 16) with a trapezoid mid-posterior incision. Male genitalia (Figs. 17–21): Epandrium longer than broad. Cercus rather small, wider apically, with two rows of thin setulae at middle. Aedeagus long conical, extending near end of cercus. Gonopod apically deeply incised into two lateral lobes, each lobe with 6 long outer setae at base and 2 long inner setae at tip; a short lateral process with 2 curved spines at extreme tip. Paramere acute apically, with a curved subapical process. FEMALE. Body length 2.7–2.9 mm, wing length 3.2–3.3 mm. Fore tarsomeres 3 and 5 normal. Sternite 3 not incised, without setae. Female genitalia (Figs. 22–23): Cercus small, nearly elliptical, setulose. Epiproct and hypoproct small but distinct, with many small setulae. Type material. Holotype male, Guangxi: Shangsi, Pinglongshan, 1. IX. 2006, Yinxia Liao. Paratypes 5 males and 4 females, same data as holotype; 3 males and 2 females, same locality as holotype, 22. V. 2006, Yinxia Liao. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Guangxi. Etymology. The species is named after the single color of the body. Remarks. The new species is similar to L. melanosoma Yang from Yunnan of China, but it can be separated from the latter by the scutellum dark brown and the male cercus rather short (1 / 3 as long as the epandrium). In L. melanosoma, the scutellum is brownish yellow, and the male cercus is rather long (1 / 2 as long as the epandrium) (Yang, 1998).Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Lonchoptera excavata Yang and Chen 1995

Lonchoptera excavata Yang and Chen, 1995 Lonchoptera excavata Yang and Chen, 1995: 520. Type locality: Mt. Baishanzu, Zhejiang, China. Diagnosis. Eyes oblate. Thorax brownish yellow; mesonotum with a narrow black median stripe at base. Mid femur excavated dorsally at middle; mid tibia with many long setae, especially a row of 4 long flexuous setae at middle. Sternite 3 without mid-posterior incision. Cercus short and broad. Gonopod with finger-like posterior lateral process; paramere acute apically. Material examined. 1 male, Guangxi: Tianlin, Linaoshan, 14. VIII. 2002, Ding Yang; 1 male, Guangxi: Jinxiu, Yinshan, 27. VII. 2005, Yajun Zhu. Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Guangxi).Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Lonchoptera orientalis Kertesz 1914

Lonchoptera orientalis (Kertész, 1914) Musidora orientalis Kertész, 1914: 675. Type localities: Pilam, Chip-Chip and Kosempo, Taiwan. Diagnosis. Head yellow. Antenna yellow. Mesonotum with two indistinct narrow stripes in line with dorsocentral setae; scutellum yellow. Cercus with a central sclerite bearing 4 short setae at base. Gonopod with two groups of 3 setae medially, and with 1 bent apical seta and 1 long mid-lateral seta. Paramere long spine-like. Material examined. 2 males, Guangxi: Maoershan, Jinshi, 5. VIII. 2005, Yinxia Liao; 3 males and 1 female, Guangxi: Maoershan, Sanjiangyuan, 9. VIII. 2005, Yinxia Liao; 2 females, Guangxi: Tianlin, Linaoshan, 14. VIII. 2002, Ding Yang; 1 female, Guangxi: Huaping, Guangfuding, 14. VIII. 2006, Yinxia Liao. Distribution. China (Guangxi, Taiwan), Burma.Published as part of Dong, Qibiao, Pang, Baoping & Yang, Ding, 2008, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1806 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18271

Encapsulation of Hoveyda–Grubbs^2nd Catalyst within Yolk–Shell Structured Silica for Olefin Metathesis

Through postreducing the pore size of a mesoporous shell, Hoveyda–Grubbs^2nd catalyst was successfully encapsulated within yolk–shell structured silica, leading to a heterogeneous catalyst for olefin metathesis. Such a catalyst exhibits much higher activity than the reported encapsulated catalysts in olefin ring-closing metathesis and cross metathesis. This excellent activity can be attributed to the combination of a hollow structure in the interior and permeable mesopores in the shells. This catalyst shows good recyclability, highlighted by eight cycles of reaction. This work not only supplies an excellent heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalyst but also demonstrates that yolk–shell structured silica materials can be used as an innovative scaffold to encapsulate homogeneous catalysts