OR-032 Effects of Protein Supplement Timing during 4-Week Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy in Males

Objective Nutrient timing is a new system of exercise nutrition that can help improve strength and lean body mass in a short time and does not require a change in exercise plan and energy intake. The concept of nutrient timing began to be used to solve problems such as the stagnation of muscle strength growth in high-protein diets, high quality proteins to gain weight and strength, but to obtain and utilize nutrient supplements at the right time to maximize muscle growth. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the appropriate nutrients at different times. At present, some studies have found that the type and protein supplementation timing have some influence on the resistance training of high-level athletes. Protein supplementation before or after exercise plays a positive role in improving sports performance, recovery after exercise, muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength improvement. Due to the different types, dosage and time of protein supplementation, there are still some differences. It is still necessary to study the effect of nutrient timing of whey protein and the CEUS on the morphological indices of the rectus femoris. Therefore, by observing the thickness, circumference and area of the rectus femoris, we observed the effect of different nutrient timing and lower limb strength training on the shape of rectus femoris in healthy male youth. It is suggested that the different timing and dosage produce different effects and provide scientific suggestions for the later strength training and whey protein supplementation. Methods A total of 32 healthy male students participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups, the control group (Group A), the pre-exercise supplementary group (Group B), the after-exercise supplementary group (Group C) and both pre-exercise and after-exercise supplementary group (Group D), which were supplemented by: two bottles of placebo before and after the training in Group A. two bottles of whey protein water before training and two bottles of placebo after training in Group B. two bottles of placebo before training and two bottles of whey protein water after training in Group C. two bottles of whey protein water before and after training in Group D. the bottles of supplements before training should be supplemented half an hour before the start of training, and the bottles of supplements after training should be supplemented within half an hour after training. Each bottle of whey protein water was 350ml which contained 15g whey protein. The training method was 70% 1RM for barbell squat, 4 sets of 10 times, each set rest for 60s. Three training sessions were conducted each week, and the training lasted for four weeks. During this period, in order to deal with the training effect, at the end of the second week, we performed a maximum squat strength test to adjust the training intensity for the following two weeks. The body composition test used GE lunar IDXA, a dual-energy X-ray scanning method and the indexes were body weight, muscle mass and FFM. The CEUS used GE Vivid 7 holographic Color Doppler Ultrasound Diagnostic system. The test sites of CEUS were in the anterior superior iliac crest and the upper margin of the patella 1/4, and the indexes were the thickness of the femoral rectus femoris, the circumference of the rectus femoris, and the cross-sectional area of the femoral rectus femoris. Tests were performed before and after 4-week resistance training. After the intervention, the variance of paired sample t test and One Way ANOVA were used to test the significance of each group. Results According to the change of the body composition, compared with the control group (Group A), the FFM of Group B, Group C and Group D were decreased, but there were no significant differences (p>0.05). The muscle mass of Group C increased from 54.53±4.64 kg to 58.54±5.82 kg, and muscle mass of Group D increased from 55.74±4.09 kg to 58.75±4.74 kg, compared to group A, Group C and Group D had significant increase in muscle mass (p<0.05). Body composition is mainly composed of adipose tissue and lean tissue, the body composition is influenced by the acquired factors, resistance training will also decrease the FFM and the increase the lean weight. Combined with 4-week resistance training with protein supplementation, we can see that the FFM in Group B, Group C and Group D declined a lot, which may be related to protein supplementation. The muscle mass of Group C and Group D were significantly improved, it was indicated that after resistance training, protein supplementation can improve muscle mass, but there was no differences between Group C and Group D, which indicates that the increase of protein supplementation has little effect on the increase of muscle mass, which may be due to the increase of protein supplement, the amount of muscle synthesis will increase, but the amount of decomposition will increase, too. In addition, the changes in the synthesis and decomposition, resulting in little change in muscle mass. About the morphological changes of rectus femoris in dominant leg, compared with the control group (Group A), the thickness of the rectus femoris (changed from 12.55±3.94 mm to 16.71±3.04 mm), the circumference of the rectus femoris (changed from 8.38±1.98 cm to 10.08±1.79 cm), the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris (changed from 3.64±1.91 cm2 to 5.43±1.61 cm2) in Group C and the thickness of the rectus femoris (changed from 14.12±2.33 mm to 15.91±2.10 mm) in Group D were significantly increased (P<0.05). The thickness of the rectus femoris, the circumference of the rectus femoris, the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris in Group B and the circumference of the rectus femoris and the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris in Group D were also increased, but there were no significant changes (p>0.05). About the morphological changes of rectus femoris in non-dominant leg, compared with the control group (Group A), the thickness of the rectus femoris (changed from 13.54±3.82 mm to 16.77±3.37 mm), the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris (changed from 4.07±2.11 cm2 to 5.42±1.86 cm2) in Group C and the thickness of the rectus femoris (changed from 13.46±2.91 mm to 16.39±1.24 mm) in Group D were significantly increased (P<0.05). The thickness of the rectus femoris, the circumference of the rectus femoris, the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris in Group B, the circumference of the rectus femoris in Group C and the circumference of the rectus femoris and the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris in Group D were also increased, but there were no significant changes (p>0.05). It could be seen from the results that the thickness, circumference and cross-sectional area of rectus femoris in Group C and Group D had a significant increase, and the change in Group B was not significant, indicating that after resistance training, protein supplementation will have better effects, more conducive to promoting the synthesis of muscle protein, so that the morphology of muscle was more obvious. From the comparison between Group C and Group D, we can see that the morphology of the rectus femoris in Group C has a significant change, although there were significant changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris in Group D, there was no significant increase in the circumference and cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris, which showed that the increase of protein supplementation had little effect on the morphology of the rectus femoris. This may be related to the synthesis and decomposition rate of the muscle, the increase in protein intake, to some extent, accelerated the rate of muscle synthesis, but the rate of decomposition of the muscle will also be accelerated, the synthesis rate and the rate of decomposition to achieve a positive balance. The rectus femoris of Group D will have a significant increase, but compared to group C, the effects were not obvious. Conclusions For the nutrient timing of the whey protein, taking whey protein after exercise is the better timing to improve the thickness, circumference, cross-sectional area of rectus femoris and the muscle mass by the lower limb resistance training for males. There is a certain effect on the reduction of body FFM, but no significant improvement is found. The increase of whey protein supplementation may have little effect on body composition and muscle hypertrophy

Methylation Profile of Single Hepatocytes Derived from Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: With the development of high-throughput screening, a variety of genetic alterations has been found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although previous studies on HCC methylation profiles have focused on liver tissue, studies using isolated hepatocytes are rare. The heterogeneity of liver composition may impact the genuine methylation status of HCC; therefore, it is important to clarify the methylation profile of hepatocytes to aid in understanding the process of tumorigenesis. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The global methylation profile of single hepatocytes isolated from liver tissue of hepatitis B virus (HBV) related HCC (HBHC) was analyzed using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation27 BeadChips, and combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing were used to validate the 20 significant hypermethylated genes identified. In this study, we found many noteworthy differences in the genome-wide methylation profiles of single hepatocytes of HBHC. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis showed that hepatocyte methylation profiles could be classified according to three cell types: hepatocytes of HCC, adjacent hepatocytes and normal hepatocytes. Among the 20 most hypermethylated genes in the hepatocytes of HBHC, 7 novel genes (WNK2, EMILIN2, TLX3, TM6SF1, TRIM58, HIST1H4Fand GRASP) were found to be hypermethylated in HBHC and hypomethylated in paired adjacent liver tissues; these findings have not been reported in previous studies on tissue samples. CONCLUSION: The genome-wide methylation profile of purified single hepatocytes of HBHC was aided in understanding the process of tumorigenesis, and a series of novel methylated genes found in this study have the potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBHC

OR-027 Research about Training Monitoring during Different training periods in Chinese Elite Swimmers

Objective Training monitoring has become an integral component of total athlete training. Systematically monitoring the physiological and biochemical variables related to performance helps coaches and athletes to measure the effectiveness of their training programs and decide how to revise or update those programs, especially in swimming training. The key purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical function characteristics during preparation season and stress response during competition training sessions in 2017, and provides the helpful data for scientific training for the implementation of the preparation process. Methods During the preparation period, the National Swimming Team athletes were planed to screen and test the physical function characteristics. There are 39 male athletes and 37 female athletes to participate in the study. Body composition was assessed with dual energy X-ray (DXA). Anthropometric characteristics were assessed using Anthroscan 3D VITUS body scanner, and pulmonary function test using CHEST portable lung function meter(HI-101). During the competition period, the training load monitoring targets were 2 elite players who participated in XVII World Aquatics Championship in Budapest-2017 and the National Games 2017. The monitoring methods mainly included: blood tests (including Hb, CK, BU, testosterone, cortisol and ferritin etc.) were used to monitor the athlete's fitness functional status, and the Z-score method was used to express the index changes of two athletes; blood lactate was used to monitor the training load of athletes, and urine indexes were used to monitor body fluid balance and fatigue. Results 1. During the preparation period, the weight of male athletes is 78.4±8.2kg, the percentage of body fat is 15.9±2.8%, the weight of female athletes is 64.8±6.6kg, and the percentage of body fat is 24.2±3.5%. The vital capacity(VC) was 6.65±0.87 L for males and 4.86±0.69 L for females, the value of forced vital capacity(FVC) was 4.29±1.33 L for males and 3.43±0.96 L for females, and the mean value of ventilation per minute was 148.1±23.12 L for males and 110.4 ± 19.67 L for females. 2. During the competition preparation period, Z score was used to express the blood indicators of two athletes, before the XVII World Aquatics Championship in Budapest-2017, the Z score of Hb, T, T/C ratio and ferritin were (-0.5, 0, -0.4, 1.1) and (-0.8, -0.1, -1.0, 0), respectively. Before the competition of the National Games, the Z scores were (1.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.6) and (1.4, 1.0, 0.1, -0.6) respectively. 3. Training load monitoring was carried out using the blood lactate control test, as the training load increased, the athletes' performance improved and the lactate level increased slightly. 4. The urine indicator test is used to observe the athlete's dehydration and recovery. On the second morning after the intensive training day, both athletes were negative for urine protein and with normal urine specific gravity. Conclusions 1. The screen and tests about the physical function characteristics of swimming athletes during preparation period is useful to develop a personalized training plan; 2. Z-score is easy and feasible for the elite swimmers to monitoring physical fitness capabilities, and higher Z-score is related with better athletic performance; 3. Blood lactate control test can be used for the training intensity monitoring of swimmers, athletes show higher levels of lactic acid metabolism and higher athletic performance before the competition

Loss of PDZK1 expression activates PI3K/AKT signaling via PTEN phosphorylation in gastric cancer

Phosphorylation of PTEN plays an important role in carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of PTEN phosphorylation regulation remains largely elusive. In the present study, PDZK1 was identified as a novel binding protein of PTEN by association of PTEN through its carboxyl terminus and PDZ domains of PDZK1. By direct interaction with PTEN, PDZK1 inhibited the phosphorylation of PTEN at S380/T382/T383 cluster and further enhanced the capacity of PTEN to suppress PI3K/AKT activation. PDZK1 suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation by diminishing PI3K/AKT activation via inhibition of PTEN phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. The expression of PDZK1 was frequently downregulated in gastric cancer specimens and correlated with progression and poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Downregulation of PDZK1 was associated with PTEN inactivation, AKT signaling and cell proliferation activation in clinical specimens. Thus, low levels of PDZK1 in gastric cancer specimens lead to increase proliferation of gastric cancer cells via phosphorylation of PTEN at the S380/T382/T383 cluster and constitutively activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, which results in poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients

Breast cancer-derived K172N, D301V mutations abolish Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling

AbstractNa+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) is a scaffold protein known to interact with a number of cancer-related proteins. nherf1 Mutations (K172N and D301V) were recently identified in breast cancer cells. To investigate the functional properties of NHERF1, wild-type and cancer-derived nherf1 mutations were stably expressed in SKMES-1 cells respectively. NHERF1-wt overexpression suppressed the cellular malignant phenotypes, including proliferation, migration, and invasion. nherf1 Mutations (K172N and D301V) caused complete or partial loss of NHERF1 functions by affecting the PTEN/NHERF1/PDGFRβ complex formation, inactivating NHERF1 inhibition of PDGF-induced AKT and ERK activation, and attenuating the tumor-suppressor effects of NHERF1-wt. These results further demonstrated the functional consequences of breast cancer-derived nherf1 mutations (K172N and D301V), and suggested the causal role of NHERF1 in tumor development and progression

Comparative analysis of the efficacies of probiotic supplementation and glucose-lowering drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and glucose-lowering drugs (thiazolidinedione [TZD], glucagon-like pep-tide-1 receptor agonists [GLP-1 RA], dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors [SGLT-2i]) in patients with type 2 diabetes from randomized con-trolled trials (RCTs). The PubMed, Web of science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched on the treatment effects of probiotics and glucose-lowering drugs on glycemia, lipids, and blood pressure metabolism published between Jan 2015 and April 2021. We performed meta-analyses using the random-effects model. We included 25 RCTs (2,843 participants). Overall, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and TZD significantly reduce fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), whereas GLP-1 RA increased the risk of hypoglycaemia. Multispecies probiotics decrease FBS, total cholesterol (TC), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP). Moreover, subgroup analyses indicated that participants aged >55 years, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, longer duration of intervention, and subjects from Eastern countries, showed significantly higher reduction in FBS and HbA1c, TC, TG and SBP. This meta-analysis revealed that including multiple probiotic rather than glucose-lowering drugs might be more beneficial regarding T2D prevention who suffering from simultaneously hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension

Which Specific Exercise Models Are Most Effective on Global Cognition in Patients with Cognitive Impairment? A Network Meta-Analysis

(1) Introduction: Physical exercise interventions can impart significant cognitive benefits to older adults suffering from cognitive impairment (CI). However, the efficacy of these interventions can vary widely, depending on the type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise. (2) Aim: To systematically review the efficacy of exercise therapy on global cognition in patients with CI using a network meta-analysis (NMA). (3) Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Sport Discus (EBSCO) and Cochrane Library databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on exercise for patients with CI from inception to 7 August 2022. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. The NMA was performed using the consistency model. (4) Results: A total of 29 RCTs comprising 2458 CI patients were included. The effects of different types of exercise on patients with CI were ranked as follows: multicomponent exercise (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.36, p = 0.002), short duration (≤45 min) (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.19, p = 0.001), vigorous intensity (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.36, p = 0.011) and high frequency (5–7 times/week) (SMD = 1.28, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.14, p = 0.004). (5) Conclusion: These results suggested that multicomponent, short-duration, high-intensity, and high-frequency exercise may be the most effective type of exercise in improving global cognition in CI patients. However, more RCTs based on direct comparison of the effects of different exercise interventions are needed. (6) NMA registration identifier: CRD42022354978

Trajectories of glycated hemoglobin of T2DM and progress of arterial stiffness: a prospective study

Abstract Aim This study aimed to describe the different trajectories groups of HbA1c during the long-term treatment of diabetes and explore the effect of glycemic control on the progression of arterial stiffness. Method The study participants registered at the National Metabolic Management Center (MMC) of Beijing Luhe hospital. The latent class mixture model (LCMM) was used to identify distinct trajectories of HbA1c. We calculated the change value of baPWV (ΔbaPWV) of each participant between the whole follow-up time as the primary outcome. Then we examined the associations between each HbA1c trajectory pattern and ΔbaPWV using covariate-adjusted means (SE) of ΔbaPWV, which were calculated by multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for the covariates. Results After data cleaning, a total of 940 type 2 diabetes patients aged 20–80 years were included in this study. According to the BIC, we identified four discrete trajectories of HbA1c: Low-stable, U-shape, Moderate-decrease, High-increase, respectively. Compared with the low-stable group of HbA1c, the adjusted mean values of baPWV were significantly higher in U-shape, Moderate-decrease, and High-increase groups (all P < 0.05, and P for trend < 0.001), the mean values (SE) were 82.73 (0.08), 91.19 (0.96), 116.00 (0.81) and 223.19 (11.54), respectively. Conclusion We found four different trajectories groups of HbA1c during the long-term treatment of diabetes. In addition, the result proves the causal relationship between long-term glycemic control and arterial stiffness on a time scale