6,955 research outputs found
Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of honey bee viruses, Nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and parasitic mites in China
China has the largest number of managed honey bee colonies, which produce the highest quantity of honey and royal jelly in the world; however, the presence of honey bee pathogens and parasites has never been rigorously identified in Chinese apiaries. We thus conducted a molecular survey of honey bee RNA viruses, Nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and tracheal mites associated with nonnative Apis mellifera ligustica and native Apis cerana cerana colonies in China. We found the presence of black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), and sacbrood virus (SBV), but not that of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) or Kashmir bee virus (KBV). DWV was the most prevalent in the tested samples. Phylogenies of Chinese viral isolates demonstrated that genetically heterogeneous populations of BQCV, CBPV, DWV, and A. cerana-infecting SBV, and relatively homogenous populations of IAPV and A. meliifera-infecting new strain of SBV with single origins, are spread in Chinese apiaries. Similar to previous observations in many countries, Nosema ceranae, but not Nosema apis, was prevalent in the tested samples. Crithidia mellificae, but not Apicystis bombi was found in five samples, including one A. c. cerana colony, demonstrating that C. mellificae is capable of infecting multiple honey bee species. Based on kinetoplast-encoded cytochrome b sequences, the C. mellificae isolate from A. c. cerana represents a novel haplotype with 19 nucleotide differences from the Chinese and Japanese isolates from A. m. ligustica. This suggests that A. c. cerana is the native host for this specific haplotype. The tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, was detected in one A. m. ligustica colony. Our results demonstrate that honey bee RNA viruses, N. ceranae, C. mellificae, and tracheal mites are present in Chinese apiaries, and some might be originated from native Asian honey bees
Numerical simulations of winds driven by radiation force from the corona above a thin disk
Observations show that winds can be driven from the innermost region (inside
a 50 Schwarschild radius) of a thin disk. It is interesting to study the winds
launched from the innermost region. A hot corona above the black hole (BH) thin
disk is irradiated by the disk. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical
simulations to study the winds driven by radiation force from the corona in the
innermost regions. The hard X-ray spectrum from active galactic nuclei (AGNs)
suggests that the corona temperature is about K, so that we mainly
analyze the properties of winds (or outflows) from the K corona. The
disk luminosity plays an important role in driving the outflows. The more
luminous the disk, the stronger the outflows. Mass outflow rate () at a 90 Schwarschild radius depends on disk luminosity, which can be
described as ( is the ratio
of the disk luminosity to the Eddington luminosity). In the case of high
luminosity (e.g. ), the supersonic outflows with maximum speed
Km s are launched at -- and
-- away from the pole axis. The Bernoulli parameter keeps
increasing with the outward propagation of outflows. The radiation force keeps
accelerating the outflows when outflows move outward. Therefore, we can expect
the outflows to escape from the BH gravity and go to the galactic scale. The
interaction between outflows and interstellar medium may be an important AGN
feedback process.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
A Trust Model Based on Service Classification in Mobile Services
Internet of Things (IoT) and B3G/4G communication are promoting the pervasive
mobile services with its advanced features. However, security problems are also
baffled the development. This paper proposes a trust model to protect the
user's security. The billing or trust operator works as an agent to provide a
trust authentication for all the service providers. The services are classified
by sensitive value calculation. With the value, the user's trustiness for
corresponding service can be obtained. For decision, three trust regions are
divided, which is referred to three ranks: high, medium and low. The trust
region tells the customer, with his calculated trust value, which rank he has
got and which authentication methods should be used for access. Authentication
history and penalty are also involved with reasons.Comment: IEEE/ACM Internet of Things Symposium (IOTS), in conjunction with
GreenCom 2010, IEEE, Hangzhou, China, December 18-20, 201
Two dimensional numerical simulations of Supercritical Accretion Flows revisited
We study the dynamics of super-Eddington accretion flows by performing
two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. Compared with previous
works, in this paper we include the component of the viscous
stress and consider various values of the viscous parameter . We find
that when is included, the rotational speed of the
high-latitude flow decreases, while the density increases and decreases at the
high and low latitudes, respectively. We calculate the radial profiles of
inflow and outflow rates. We find that the inflow rate decreases inward,
following a power law form of . The value of
depends on the magnitude of and is within the range of .
Correspondingly, the radial profile of density becomes flatter compared with
the case of a constant . We find that the density profile can be
described by , and the value of is almost same for a
wide range of ranging from to . The inward
decrease of inflow accretion rate is very similar to hot accretion flows, which
is attributed to the mass loss in outflows. To study the origin of outflow, we
analyze the convective stability of slim disk. We find that depending on the
value of , the flow is marginally stable (when is small) or
unstable (when is large). This is different from the case of
hydrodynamical hot accretion flow where radiation is dynamically unimportant
and the flow is always convectively unstable. We speculate that the reason for
the difference is because radiation can stabilize convection. The origin of
outflow is thus likely because of the joint function of convection and
radiation, but further investigation is required.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
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