Broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel) Control in Winter Oilseed Rape with Imazamox-Containing Herbicide Products

The broomrapes are root, obligate parasites without chlorophyll. They parasitize mostly the dicotyledonous plants. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel attacks a wider range of hosts among which is the winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The broomrape can reduce the yields and aggravate the quality of production. There are few effective measures to control this parasite. One of the most promising approaches is the cultivation of Clearfieldreg%253B oilseed rape and the treatment of imazamox-containing herbicide products. For this purpose during the growing seasons of 2016 - 2017 and 2017 - 2018 a field pot experiment with the Clearfieldreg%253B oilseed rape hybrid РТ 228 CL was conducted. The soil of the field pots was artificially infested with Ph. ramosa seeds. The herbicide application was performed in two stages of the crop in the spring - BBCH 31ndash%253B33 (1-3 internodes visible) and BBCH 51 (bdquo%253Bgreen button). Variants of the trial were%253A 1. Untreated control%253B 2. Clerandareg%253B (375 g%252Fl metazachlor %2B 17,5 g%252Fl imazamox) ndash%253B 2,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 31ndash%253B33)%253B 3. Cleravoreg%253B (250 g%252Fl quinmerac %2B 35 g%252Fl imazamox) ndash%253B 1,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 31ndash%253B33)%253B 4. Pulsarreg%253B Plus (25 g%252Fl imazamox) ndash%253B 1,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 31ndash%253B33)%253B 5. Pulsarreg%253B Plus ndash%253B 2,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 31ndash%253B33)%253B 6. Pulsarreg%253B Plus ndash%253B 0,50 l%252Fha (BBCH 51)%253B 7. Pulsarreg%253B Plus ndash%253B 1,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 51)%253B 8. Pulsarreg%253B Plus ndash%253B 2,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 51). Average for both years of the study, the highest efficacy against the parasite after the application of Pulsarreg%253B Plus ndash%253B 2,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 51) ndash%253B 92,9%25 followed by Clerandareg%253B ndash%253B 2,00 l%252Fha (BBCH 31ndash%253B33) - 91,2%25 was reported

Фотосинтетична активност и продуктивност на царевица (Zea mays L.), изложена на симулиран дрифт oт хербицида имазамокс и лечебно приложение на протеинови хидролизати

The use of herbicides is а traditional method for weed control in crop-producing systems. Along with the high effective weed control, herbicides might cause phytotoxicity for crop plants, due to insufficient herbicide selectivity, combining herbicide treatment with unsuitable meteorological conditions, long-term persistence of herbicide in the soil or off-target transfer of the herbicide – drift. Imazamox is a selective herbicide of imidazolinone group, used to control annual and perennial weeds in imidazolinone-resistant (IMI-R) crops. Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are a group of plant biostimulants containing small peptides and free amino acids, reported to ameliorate plant abiotic stress tolerance, including herbicide phytotoxicity. This report evaluates the damaging effect of simulated imazamox drift on growth, photosynthetic performance and productivity of maize plants as well as the efficiency of foliar application by protein hydrolysates as therapy means. The received results demonstrated that the simulated imazamox herbicide drift has a strong inhibiting effect on maize plants. This is well illustrated by the retarded growth of maize plants, their disrupted photosynthetic activity and productivity losses. The foliar supply of PHs to imazamox damaged maize plants ameliorates their photosynthetic performance, growth and crop productivity.Използването на хербициди е традиционен метод за контрол на плевелната растителност при полски култури. Наред с високоефективния контрол на плевелите, хербицидите могат да причинят фитотоксичност при културните растения поради недостатъчна селективност, третиране при неподходящи метеорологични условия, остатъчни количества в почвата или при отлитане хербицида извън целевата култура – хербициден дрифт. Имазамоксът е селективен хербицид от групата на имидазолиноните, прилаган за контрол на едногодишни и многогодишни плевели в комбинация с устойчиви хибриди (IMI-R). Протеиновите хидролизати (PHs) са група растителни биостимуланти, съдържащи малки пептиди и/или свободни аминокиселини, за които е известно, че подобряват толерантността на растенията към абиотичен стрес, включително хербицидна фитотоксичност. Настоящото проучване има за цел да установи ефекта на симулиран дрифт на хербицида имазамокс върху растежа, фотосинтетичната активност и продуктивността на царевични растения, както и да оцени ефективността на листното приложени биостимуланти от групата на протеиновите хидролизати като терапевтично средство. Получените резултати показват, че симулираният хербициден дрифт оказва силен инхибиращ ефект върху царевичните растения. Това се вижда ясно от потиснатия растеж на царевичните растения, нарушената им фотосинтетичната активност и загубата на продуктивност. Листното прилагане на протеинови хидролизати върху увредените от имазамокс царевични растения подобрява фотосинтетичната им активност, растежа и продуктивността на културата

Allelopathic activity of some parasitic weeds

Allelopathic activity of Cuscuta epithymum L. (CVCEY), Cuscuta campestris Yuncker (CVCCA), Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (ORARA), Phelipanche mutelii (Schultz) Reuter (ORARM) and Phelipanche spp. (PHESS) on germination and initial development of test plats of Lactuca sativa L. cultivar 'Great Lakes' was studied under laboratory conditions. It was found that, water exracts of the parasitic weed species in concentrations 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8% w/v have a relatively high inhibitory effect on the seed germination of test plants. The inhibiting rate of parasitic weed species from family Convolvulaceae ranges from 6.24 to 100.0% and for the species of family Orobanchaceae from 42.1 to 100.0%. Parasitic weed species from family Orobanchaceae (Ph. ramosa, Ph. mutelii and Phelipanche spp.) showed a considerably stronger allelopathic effect (GIaverage 17.9), as compared with the applied concentrations of water exracts of species from family Convolvulaceae (C. epithymum and C. campestris) (GIaverage 22.7)

SUNFLOWER PRODUCTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO HERBICIDE DIFLUFENICAN (PELICAN 50SC) AND FOLIAR FERTILIZING

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide Diflufenican with trade name Pelican 50 SC, biostimulant Amalgerol and foliar fertilizers KTS and Hi-Phos to the sunflower seed yield and quality. Pelican 50 SC in dose 0,250 L/ha was applied before sowing and before weeds germinating after sowing. Amalgerol in doses 3, 4 and 5 L/ha was jointly applied with KTS in doses 2,25, 4,5 and 6,75 L/ha, or with Hi-Phos in dose 5 L/ha. The highest seed yields of sunflower were obtained when Pelican50SC was applied before weeds germinating after sowing combined with Amalgerol in dose 5 L/ha and KTS in dose 6,75 L/ha or Hi-Phos in dose 5 L/ha. The obtained additional production of sunflower grain was in the range from 360 kg.ha-1 to 840 kg.ha-1. Application of Pelican50SC before sowing and jointly foliar dressing with Amalgerol 4 L/ha and Hi-Phos demonstrated high total fat concentration and fat content. The use of Pelican 50SC, Amalgerol and foliar fertilizers increased productivity of fertilizer nutrients by 24.1 % to 55.2 %

Fertilization Type Differentially Affects Barley Grain Yield and Nutrient Content, Soil and Microbial Properties

The use of artificial fertilizers follows the intensification of agricultural production as a consequence of population growth, which leads to soil depletion, loss of organic matter, and pollution of the environment and production. This can be overcome by increasing the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture. In the present study, we investigated the effect of using vermicompost, biochar, mineral fertilizer, a combination of vermicompost and mineral fertilizer, and an untreated control on alluvial-meadow soil on the development of fodder winter barley Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cultivar. We used a randomized complete block design of four replications per treatment. Barley grain yield, number of plants, and soil and microbiological parameters were studied. We found statistically proven highest grain yield and grain protein values when applying vermicompost alone, followed by the combined treatment and mineral fertilizer. The total organic carbon was increased by 70.2% in the case of vermicompost and by 44% in the case of combined treatment, both compared to the control. Thus, soil microbiome activity and enzyme activities were higher in vermicompost treatment, where the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments. In conclusion, our study found the best overall performance of vermicompost compared to the rest of the soil amendments

How to eliminate obstacles of IWM implementation into cropping systems in South East Europe

In this presentation, the outcomes of a specific EWRS regional meeting organized by the Working Group »Optimization of Herbicide Use in an IWM context« are documented. Data were obtained by a questionnaire survey and a face-to-face group discussion. The idiosyncratic structure and systemic nature of IWM systems, as compared with other IPM systems, draws on many strategies with a combination and integration of single weed management tactics at temporal and spatial scale. The questionnaire included queries with multiple-choice predefined answers and left space for open answers. All those were given a significance score value (1 to 5). During the meeting, the face-to-face group discussion was aimed on the fine elaboration, sorting and ranking of the major weed problems and obstacles for IWM systems implementation in South East European countries. Regional South East countries address the IWM by different approaches based on their status towards EU. Countries outside the EU, have set up voluntary public and private entities to promote IWM whereas Member States of the EU have implemented the Sustainable Use Directive (Dir. 2009/128/EC) aiming to regulate use of pesticides (herbicides, in particular), and are required to set up National Plans. Regional cropping systems frequently face similar (more or less) major weed problems and IWM challenges, research needs and priorities and extension services upgrades to tackle IWM implementation. Identifying the current obstacles and propose measures to eliminate them would boost national efforts as they could benefit from a common IWM framework and transnationally approaches