PM2.5-Related Health Economic Benefits Evaluation Based on Air Improvement Action Plan in Wuhan City, Middle China

On the basis of PM2.5 data of the national air quality monitoring sites, local population data, and baseline all-cause mortality rate, PM2.5-related health economic benefits of the Air Improvement Action Plan implemented in Wuhan in 2013–2017 were investigated using health-impact and valuation functions. Annual avoided premature deaths driven by the average concentration of PM2.5 decrease were evaluated, and the economic benefits were computed by using the value of statistical life (VSL) method. Results showed that the number of avoided premature deaths in Wuhan are 21,384 (95% confidence interval (CI): 15,004 to 27,255) during 2013–2017, due to the implementation of the Air Improvement Action Plan. According to the VSL method, the obtained economic benefits of Huangpi, Wuchang, Hongshan, Xinzhou, Jiang’an, Hanyang, Jiangxia, Qiaokou, Jianghan, Qingshan, Caidian, Dongxihu, and Hannan District were 8.55, 8.19, 8.04, 7.39, 5.78, 4.84, 4.37, 4.04, 3.90, 3.30, 2.87, 2.42, and 0.66 billion RMB (1 RMB = 0.1417 USD On 14 October 2019), respectively. These economic benefits added up to 64.35 billion RMB (95% CI: 45.15 to 82.02 billion RMB), accounting for 4.80% (95% CI: 3.37% to 6.12%) of the total GDP of Wuhan in 2017. Therefore, in the process of formulating a regional air quality improvement scheme, apart from establishing hierarchical emission-reduction standards and policies, policy makers should give integrated consideration to the relationship between regional economic development, environmental protection and residents’ health benefits. Furthermore, for improving air quality, air quality compensation mechanisms can be established on the basis of the status quo and trends of air quality, population distribution, and economic development factors

The Evolution of the Phase Lags Associated with the Type-C Quasi-periodic Oscillation in GX 339--4 during the 2006/2007 Outburst

We present the evolution of the phase lags associated with the type-C QPO in GX 339--4 during the rising phase of the 2006/2007 outburst. We find that the phase lags at the QPO frequency are always positive (hard), and show very different behavior between QPOs with frequencies below and above $\sim1.7$ Hz: when the QPO frequency is below $\sim1.7$ Hz, the phase lags increase both with QPO frequency and energy, while when the QPO frequency is above $\sim1.7$ Hz, the phase lags remain more or less constant. When the QPO frequency is higher than $\sim1.7$ Hz, a broad feature is always present in the lag-energy spectra at around 6.5 keV, suggesting that the reflection component may have a significant contribution to the phase lags. Below $\sim1.7$ Hz, the QPO rms first decreases with energy and then turns to almost flat, while above $\sim1.7$ Hz, the QPO rms increases with energy. During the transition from the low-hard state to the hard-intermediate state, the second harmonic and subharmonic of this QPO appear in the power density spectra. The second-harmonic and subharmonic phase lags show very similar evolution with their centroid frequencies. However, the energy dependence of the second-harmonic and subharmonic phase lags are quite different. Our results suggest that, at different phases of the outburst, different mechanisms may be responsible for the phase lags of the QPO. We briefly discuss the possible scenarios for producing the lags.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Biodegradable polycarbonates from lignocellulose based 4-pentenoic acid and carbon dioxide

The production of biodegradable polycarbonate by copolymerizing CO2 with epoxides has emerged as an effective method to utilize CO2 in response to growing concerns about CO2 emissions and plastic pollution. Previous studies have mainly focused on the preparation of CO2-based polycarbonates from petrochemical-derived propylene oxide (PO) or cyclohexene oxide (CHO). However, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the development of 100% bio-based polymers has gained attention in polymer synthesis. Herein, we reported the synthesis of glycidyl 4-pentenoate (GPA) from lignocellulose based 4-pentenoic acid (4-PA), which was further copolymerized with CO2 using a binary catalyst SalenCoCl/PPNCl to produce bio-based polycarbonates with vinyl side chains and molecular weights up to 17.1 kg/mol. Introducing a third monomer, PO, allows for the synthesis of the GPA/PO/CO2 terpolymer, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the terpolymer can be adjusted from 2°C to 19°C by controlling the molar feeding ratio of GPA to PO from 7:3 to 3:7. Additionally, post-modification of the vinyl side chains enables the production of functional polycarbonates, providing a novel approach to the preparation of bio-based materials with diverse side chains and functions

Clostridium butyricum relieve the visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by Citrobacter rodentium infection with chronic stress

Background Visceral hypersensitivity is a common symptom in patients with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), and change of the microbiota is a vital etiological factor of it. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is one of the probiotics which is reported as the active components in the treatment of IBS, especially IBS with diarrhea. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) is an enteropathogenic bacteria which can produce self-limiting colitis in mice, which have been used to produce a PI-IBS-like mice model. Whether C. butyricum could influence the visceral hypersensitivity and gut microbiota of PI-IBS is still unknown. Our study aimed to examine whether the intervention of C. butyricum or antibiotics could affect the etiology of visceral hypersensitivity. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were gavaged with the C. rodentium to induce a infective colitis. The C. butyricum and antibiotic compound were used to intervene the infected mice 3 days later. A 9-day chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) process was implemented to help induce the visceral hypersensitivity. The abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score was assayed to indicate the visceral hypersensitivity of different groups. On the 7th, 14th, and 30th days after infection, mice feces were collected and high-throughput sequencing was carried out to analyze their gut microbiota. Results Combined, the C. rodentium infection plus chronic stress (WAS) could induce the visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Treatment of the C. butyricum after C. rodentium infection could relieve visceral hypersensitivity of mice, while no difference was observed in the antibiotic treatment group. The gut microbiota diversity of C. rodentium infected mice was similar to the uninfected mice, while there were different microbial communities structure between them. The Shannon and Chao indexes significantly decreased in the antibiotic treatment group compared to other groups at 7th, 14th, and 30th days post-infection, while treatment of C. butyricum could maintain the indexes within normal range. At day 14 after infection, the structure of microbiota headed towards normality after the C. butyricum treatment. After the WAS, the Shannon and Chao indexes of the control group decreased and the structure of microbiota changed. The C. butyricum treatment could prevent these changes of the gut microbiota induced by WAS. Conclusion C. butyricum could relieve the visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by C. rodentium infection plus chronic stress. It could also remodel the microbiota change caused by the infection and chronic stress. It may be a more effective treatment strategy for PI-IBS than antibiotics

PO-228 Effects of Different Cryotherapy Models on Timing Sequence Recovery of Exercise Induced Muscle Damage in Middle and Long Distance Runners

Objective Exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) is one common physiological phenomenon in competitive sports and mass sports. Water immersion recovery and whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) (WBC) has become one of the fast recovery methods adopted by high level athletes in the world. The aim of this study was to compare the water immersion recovery and WBC from timing sequential recovery on EIMD, subjective scales, biochemical indicators, exercise performance indicators. Methods Twelve middle and long distance runners from Beijing Sport University were recruited in this study (exercise performance is secondary level in China). All participants performed four models in four weeks which included rest control (CON), cold water immersion(CWI), contrast water therapy (CWT) and whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) (WBC) separated by one week. The subjects needed to complete the EIMD exercise program, includes two parts: the treadmill running and the jump step. The individual speed of treadmill running was based on the individual VO2max. running including 5 sets and total time is about 90 min. Every set consist of 6 min flat running, 6 min uphill running and 6 min downhill running. The speed of the treadmill was stable in different stages. The slope of the uphill running is（＋6,＋5,＋4,＋3,＋2）, and the slope of downhill running is (-8, -7, -6, -5, -4). The jump was performed 20 times separated by 30 s via special step ( height is 40 cm) . After the EIMD exercise program, the subjects were treated with different recovery methods immediately after exercise, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after exercise, while CON group received no intervention. The CWI group was immerged in 15 °C cold water for 12min, and the CWT groups was immerged in 15°C cold water for 1min and 38°C hot water for 1min with 6 cycles. The whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) group was immerged in special chamber (-110—-140℃）for 3 min. The three interventions were immerged body to the position of shoulders. The indexes including subjective scales (VAS scale, RPE scale, Borg scale, WHO deep sleep scale, PQSI scale), biochemical indicators (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, interleukin-6, C reactive protein, SICAM-1), exercise performance indicators ( vertical jump height, grip, running distance). The indexes was collected in different periods (i.e. Before exercise, immediately after exercise,Post1h, Post 24h, Post 48h, Post 72h, Post 96h after exercise etc.). Results  (1) Subjective scales. From results of VAS scale, RPE scale, and Borg scale, the WBC had best recovery effects than the other three interventions (P<0.05).  The recovery effect of the CWI group was similar with the CON group. From results of WHO deep sleep scale and PQSI scale, the WBC group had better recovery effects than CON group (P<0.05). (2) Biochemical indicators. From results of CK, Mb and SICAM-1, the WBC group had better recovery effect than the other three groups (P<0.05). In the LDH, the WBC group had similar effects with the CWT group (P>0.05). From results of CRP and IL-6, the WBC group had better recovery effects than the other three groups (P<0.05).（3）Exercise performance indicators. From results of vertical jump, WBC had lower decrease than the other three groups (P<0.05).  From results of the grip, of the WBC and CWT groups have significant retentive effects than CON group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between CON and CWI groups (P>0.05). Conclusions (1)Through combine the treadmill running and the jump step exercise program,Can effectively lead to human body appear the EIMD. (2)WBC has positive effects on the subjective scale, biochemical indicators, exercise performance indicators associated with EIMD.For middle and long distance runners EIMD,compared with CWI CWT,WBC effect is better.(3) CWI and CWT has a positive effect on some subjective scales, biochemical indicators, and exercise performance indicators related to EIMD. However, the positive effect of CWI and CWT is lower than WBC in the extent of action and timing sequence. (4)For the middle and long distance runners EIMD timing sequence recovery effects,WBC have better effects,Followed by CWT , CWI  effect is not significant

Determination of QPO properties in the presence of strong broad-band noise: a case study on the data of MAXI J1820+070

Accurate calculation of the phase lags of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) will provide insight into their origin. In this paper we investigate the phase lag correction method which has been applied to calculate the intrinsic phase lags of the QPOs in MAXI J1820+070. We find that the traditional additive model between BBN and QPOs in the time domain is rejected, but the convolution model is accepted. By introducing a convolution mechanism in the time domain, the Fourier cross-spectrum analysis shows that the phase lags between QPOs components in different energy bands will have a simple linear relationship with the phase lags between the total signals, so that the intrinsic phase lags of the QPOs can be obtained by linear correction. The power density spectrum (PDS) thus requires a multiplicative model to interpret the data. We briefly discuss a physical scenario for interpreting the convolution. In this scenario, the corona acts as a low-pass filter, the Green's function containing the noise is convolved with the QPOs to form the low-frequency part of the PDS, while the high-frequency part requires an additive component. We use a multiplicative PDS model to fit the data observed by Insight-HXMT. The overall fitting results are similar compared to the traditional additive PDS model. Neither the width nor the centroid frequency of the QPOs obtained from each of the two PDS models were significantly different, except for the r.m.s. of the QPOs. Our work thus provides a new perspective on the coupling of noise and QPOs.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

PO-246 Effects of Different Methods of Precooling on Sub-maximal Intensity Exercise in Heat and High Humidity

Objective This study aimed to investigate the influence of using different precooling measures on the capacity of competition and the exercise performance in hot and humidity environment. The most effectual means of precooling will be recommended to help coaches and athletes to improve the ability and performance in training and matches Methods Ten male football (Rugby) players who came from the rugby team totally completed four experimental conditions in hot/humid conditions (38℃, 50% humidity). Initially, a 30-min precooling period consisting of either nothing to control (CONT, C); wearing cooling vest (4℃, V); ingesting of ice beverage (2.3 ml /kg of 4℃, I); or the mix method of combination of V and I (V+I, M). Following this, sub-maximal exercise (80% VO2max) of treadmill test occurred, until athletes exhausted Results The running distance of M and V and I have a significant increase (P≤0.05) than CONT. The peak oxygen uptake of exhaustion was no significant difference between each other. After exercise, the change rate of heart rate ratio of M compared with CONT has a very significant decrease (P≤0.01). The core temperature of M and CONT has a significant increase (P≤0.05) in comparison. The surface temperature of I and M and V comparison with CONT has a very significant increase (P≤0.01). When participants exhaust, the RPE of M in comparison with CONT had significantly lower (P≤0.05). The RPB and the rating of thermal sensation of each condition were no significant difference. After exercise, the blood lactic concentration of each ones was no significant difference Conclusions In hot and humidity condition, precooling has a promoting effect on the sub-maximal exercise. Precooling measures could improve the exercise performance and maintain the stability of functional status and physiology, especially the mix method. &nbsp

The First Polarimetric View on Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in a Black Hole X-ray Binary

We present the first polarimetric analysis of Quasi-Periodic Oscillations (QPO) in a black hole binary utilizing \textit{IXPE} data. Our study focuses on Swift J1727.8--1613, which experienced a massive outburst that was observed by various telescopes across different wavelengths. The \textit{IXPE} observation we studied was conducted during the Hard-Intermediate state. The polarization degree (PD) and polarization angle (PA) were measured at 4.28$\pm$0.20\% and $1.9^{\circ}\pm1.4^{\circ}$, respectively. Remarkably, significant QPO signals were detected during this observation, with a QPO frequency of approximately 1.34 Hz and a fractional root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude of about 12.3\%. Furthermore, we conducted a phase-resolved analysis of the QPO using the Hilbert-Huang transform technique. The photon index showed a strong modulation with respect to the QPO phase. In contrast, the PD and PA exhibit no modulations in relation to the QPO phase, which is inconsistent with the expectation of the Lense-Thirring precession of the inner flow. Further theoretical studies are needed to conform with the observational results.Comment: Accepted for publication in APJ