Passivation mechanism of thermal atomic layer-deposited Al2O3 films on silicon at different annealing temperatures

Thermal atomic layer-deposited (ALD) aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) acquires high negative fixed charge density (Q(f)) and sufficiently low interface trap density after annealing, which enables excellent surface passivation for crystalline silicon. Q(f) can be controlled by varying the annealing temperatures. In this study, the effect of the annealing temperature of thermal ALD Al(2)O(3) films on p-type Czochralski silicon wafers was investigated. Corona charging measurements revealed that the Q(f) obtained at 300°C did not significantly affect passivation. The interface-trapping density markedly increased at high annealing temperature (>600°C) and degraded the surface passivation even at a high Q(f). Negatively charged or neutral vacancies were found in the samples annealed at 300°C, 500°C, and 750°C using positron annihilation techniques. The Al defect density in the bulk film and the vacancy density near the SiO(x)/Si interface region decreased with increased temperature. Measurement results of Q(f) proved that the Al vacancy of the bulk film may not be related to Q(f). The defect density in the SiO(x) region affected the chemical passivation, but other factors may dominantly influence chemical passivation at 750°C

Clinical presentation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults is less typical than in children

OBJECTIVE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults is largely underdiagnosed. To improve the rate and accuracy of diagnosis in adults, the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were analyzed in and compared between adults and children in a Chinese cohort. METHOD: Data from 50 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients, including 34 adults and 16 children who fulfilled the 2004 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnostic criteria, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: 1. Etiological factors: The proportion of Epstein-Barr virus infection was lower in adults compared with children, whereas fungal infection and natural killer/T cell lymphoma were more frequent in adults (

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Talk to Me, Don't Text Me: Face to Face Communication Generates Greater Closeness Than Texting Among Generation Z in China

Closeness exists between any group of individuals who feel heard, understood, and are able to share their feelings by talking openly with one another. The feeling of closeness is an essential dimension of relationships, having implications for how individuals communicate, accept, and trust each other. Different modes of communication have also been shown to generate varying levels of closeness. This study focuses on personal interactions in Chinese society, where communication between young people predominantly takes place online. This study aims to assess how communication methods impact the degree of closeness in relationships. Chinese participants aged 18-32 years old (N = 142; 105 females; 37 males) who had not met before were randomly assigned to interact with another participant either in a face-to-face (FtF) setting, or over the WeChat text messaging app. After interacting through structured prompts for 30 minutes, participants were then asked to rate their perceived interpersonal closeness with their conversation partner, which was quantified by the extent to which they enjoyed the conversation. A post-experiment survey investigated the degree of whether participants were positively surprised by their partner and the likelihood that they would be open to interacting with their partner again. Results indicate that participants in the FtF setting perceived greater degree of closeness with their partners, compared to those in text messaging groups. Participants who interacted in the FtF setting also reported a higher degree of enjoyment, felt more surprised by the conversation, and were more willing to give contact information to their partners than those in the text messaging group. Interestingly, the participants’ personality-type moderated the effect of condition on enjoyment parameter such that introverts enjoyed the text messaging conversations more than the FtF conversations, while extraverts were the opposite. Our findings hence suggest that even in a time when most young people interact with peers via social media and text messaging, authentic face-to-face interactions generate a stronger perception of closeness regardless of whether the person is an introvert or extravert. Despite the progress made by technology to close gaps and remove physical barriers in communication, face-to-face interaction remains the most reliable means of generating closeness among youth in China

Talk to Me, Don't Text Me: Face to Face Communication Generates Greater Closeness Than Texting Among Generation Z in China

Different modes of communication have been shown to generate varying levels of closeness. This study assessed how communication methods impact the degree of closeness in relationships in Chinese society. Chinese participants aged 18-32 years old (N = 142) who had not met before were randomly assigned to interact with another participant for 30 minutes either in a face-to-face (FtF) setting, or over the WeChat text messaging app. They then rated their perceived interpersonal closeness with their conversation partner. Results indicate that both introverted and extraverted participants in the FtF setting perceived greater degree of closeness, felt more positively surprised, and were more willing to share their contact information with their partners, compared to those in text messaging groups. Whereas condition impacted closeness, personality-type determined enjoyment. Regardless of condition, extraverts enjoyed the conversation more so than did introverts. Findings suggest that even in a time when most young people interact online, face-to-face interactions generate a stronger perception of closeness regardless of whether the person is an introvert or extravert

Research on the price impact mechanism of Pu'er tea under Internet + environment

This paper combination with the Internet + environment, constructed an evaluation index system for Pu'er tea price impact mechanism from five dimensions including economic development level, national tea supply-demand, Yunnan tea supply, Pu'er tea supply-demand and Yunnan Internet development level factors during 2012–2019, and using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method (TOPSIS) to have an empirical research. The results show that economic development factors and Yunnan Internet development level factors have a great influence on price. The influence of national tea supply-demand factors, Pu'er tea supply-demand factors and Yunnan Internet development level factors on the price increased year by year. Therefore, enhance product competitiveness, plan production and business activities reasonably and using internet thought are important work for the industry future development

A New Water Film Depth Prediction Model for Pavement Surface Drainage

The prediction of the water film depth (WFD) on the road surface can help with road skid resistance research and reduce the risk associated with driving on rainy days. At present, there are many empirical and analytical models based on drainage length, slope, rainfall intensity and other parameters. Considering the influence of road surface runoff and starting from the Reynolds number formula of road surface water flow, a new road surface WFD calculation formula that considers the movement state of laminar water flow is derived. The results show that the changing trends of various parameters in the prediction model (drainage length, rainfall intensity, road slope) affecting WFD are consistent with those of the existing model. It is also found that the initial water film depth, initial speed of rainwater, and rainfall angle have little impact on WFD. The predicted value of the model has a suitable matching degree compared with the classical empirical model, which provides a new approach to the prediction of road water film depth

Enhancement of exogenous riboflavin on microbiologically influenced corrosion of nickel by electroactive Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm

Abstract Riboflavin, a soluble redox mediator for electron transfer, is involved in various redox processes in biogeochemical systems. This work gives some insights into the MIC mechanism of pure nickel (Ni) caused by Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Compared with pure copper (Cu) metabolite (M)-MIC, Ni MIC by D. vulgaris exhibits distinctly different corrosion behavior. 20 ppm (w/w) riboflavin dramatically enhances the corrosion rate of Ni (59% increase in weight loss), while it has no impact on Cu MIC. Furthermore, headspace H2 detection reveals that neither proton nor H2S corrosion occurs in Ni MIC (Cu MIC caused by biogenic H2S produces large amounts of H2, whereas Ni MIC does not). The thermodynamic analysis and experimental results indicate that Ni D. vulgaris MIC is caused by trapping extracellular electrons from Ni oxidation for energy, which belongs to extracellular electron transfer (EET)-MIC

Enhanced radiation of nonlinear Thomson backscattering by a tightly focused Gaussian laser pulse and an external magnetic field

The electron dynamics and the Thomson backscattering of an electron moving in a combined field of a tightly focused Gaussian laser pulse and an external uniform magnetic field are investigated in detail. It is found that by considering the tightly focused Gaussian laser pulse, the electron can be pushed out from the laser pulse by the ponderomotive force, resulting in the symmetry breaking of the electron dynamics from the Gaussian envelope, which can dramatically enhance the radiation intensity. It is also found that by introducing an external magnetic field, the emergence of the cyclotron motion of the electron under the external magnetic field also breaks the symmetry of the electron dynamics and enhances the radiation. Especially in the resonance case, i.e., the cyclotron frequency of the electron is close to the laser frequency, the emission spectrum is further enhanced due to the great extension of the interaction time and the symmetry breaking by the beat wave between the helix motion and the cyclotron motion of the electron in the combined field, and a platform with high radiation intensity containing the THz band has also appeared