Interpolation and harmonic majorants in big Hardy-Orlicz spaces

Free interpolation in Hardy spaces is caracterized by the well-known Carleson condition. The result extends to Hardy-Orlicz spaces contained in the scale of classical Hardy spaces $H^p$, $p>0$. For the Smirnov and the Nevanlinna classes, interpolating sequences have been characterized in a recent paper in terms of the existence of harmonic majorants (quasi-bounded in the case of the Smirnov class). Since the Smirnov class can be regarded as the union over all Hardy-Orlicz spaces associated with a so-called strongly convex function, it is natural to ask how the condition changes from the Carleson condition in classical Hardy spaces to harmonic majorants in the Smirnov class. The aim of this paper is to narrow down this gap from the Smirnov class to ``big'' Hardy-Orlicz spaces. More precisely, we characterize interpolating sequences for a class of Hardy-Orlicz spaces that carry an algebraic structure and that are strictly bigger than $\bigcup_{p>0} H^p$. It turns out that the interpolating sequences are again characterized by the existence of quasi-bounded majorants, but now the weights of the majorants have to be in suitable Orlicz spaces. The existence of harmonic majorants in such Orlicz spaces will also be discussed in the general situation. We finish the paper with an example of a separated Blaschke sequence that is interpolating for certain Hardy-Orlicz spaces without being interpolating for slightly smaller ones.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figure

Seewis virus, a genetically distinct hantavirus in the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus)

More than 20 years ago, hantaviral antigens were reported in tissues of the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus), Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens) and common mole (Talpa europea), suggesting that insectivores, or soricomorphs, might serve as reservoirs of unique hantaviruses. Using RT-PCR, sequences of a genetically distinct hantavirus, designated Seewis virus (SWSV), were amplified from lung tissue of a Eurasian common shrew, captured in October 2006 in Graubünden, Switzerland. Pair-wise analysis of the full-length S and partial M and L segments of SWSV indicated approximately 55%–72% similarity with hantaviruses harbored by Murinae, Arvicolinae, Neotominae and Sigmodontinae rodents. Phylogenetically, SWSV grouped with other recently identified shrew-borne hantaviruses. Intensified efforts are underway to clarify the genetic diversity of SWSV throughout the geographic range of the Eurasian common shrew, as well as to determine its relevance to human health

HANTAVIRUS SEEWIS AND RESERVOIR SPECIES IN SIBERIA

Genetic evidence of shrew-borne hantavirus in Russia is presented here. Impressive distribution of a hantavirus Seewis (SWSV), previously discovered in the Eurasian common shrew from Switzerland, was demonstrated in Siberia among closely related shrew species: Sorex araneus, S. tundrensis and. S. daphaenodon. SWSV circulation was shown in Altai Republic, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kemerovo and. Novosibirsk regions, surburbs of Novosibirsk and Irkutsk Cities

Long-term hantavirus persistence in rodent populations in central Arizona.

For 35 months, we monitored hantavirus activity in rodent populations in central Arizona. The most frequently captured hantavirus antibody-positive rodents were Peromyscus boylii and P. truei. Antibody-positive P. boylii were more frequently male (84%), older, and heavier, and they survived longer on trapping web sites than antibody-negative mice. The number of antibody-positive P. boylii was greater during high population densities than during low densities, while antibody prevalence was greater during low population densities. Virus transmission and incidence rates, also related to population densities, varied by trapping site. The spatial distribution of antibody-positive P. boylii varied by population density and reflected the species preference for dense chaparral habitats. The focal ranges of antibody-positive P. boylii also demonstrated a patchy distribution of hantavirus

Evolutionary Insights from a Genetically Divergent Hantavirus Harbored by the European Common Mole (Talpa europaea)

BACKGROUND:The discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses in shrews (Order Soricomorpha, Family Soricidae) from widely separated geographic regions challenges the hypothesis that rodents (Order Rodentia, Family Muridae and Cricetidae) are the primordial reservoir hosts of hantaviruses and also predicts that other soricomorphs harbor hantaviruses. Recently, novel hantavirus genomes have been detected in moles of the Family Talpidae, including the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) and American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). We present new insights into the evolutionary history of hantaviruses gained from a highly divergent hantavirus, designated Nova virus (NVAV), identified in the European common mole (Talpa europaea) captured in Hungary. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Pair-wise alignment and comparison of the full-length S- and L-genomic segments indicated moderately low sequence similarity of 54-65% and 46-63% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, between NVAV and representative rodent- and soricid-borne hantaviruses. Despite the high degree of sequence divergence, the predicted secondary structure of the NVAV nucleocapsid protein exhibited the characteristic coiled-coil domains at the amino-terminal end, and the L-segment motifs, typically found in hantaviruses, were well conserved. Phylogenetic analyses, using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, showed that NVAV formed a distinct clade that was evolutionarily distant from all other hantaviruses. CONCLUSIONS:Newly identified hantaviruses harbored by shrews and moles support long-standing virus-host relationships and suggest that ancestral soricomorphs, rather than rodents, may have been the early or original mammalian hosts

Sequence analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I strains from southern India: gene amplification and direct sequencing from whole blood blotted onto filter paper

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in India has been found to be associated with adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) among life-long residents of southern India. To examine the heterogeneity of HTLV-I strains from southern India and to determine their relationship with the sequence variants of HTLV-I from Melanesia, 1149 nucleotides spanning selected regions of the HTLV-I gag, pol, env and pX genes were amplified and directly sequenced from DNA extracted from whole blood blotted onto filter paper and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from one patient with HAM/TSP, two with ATLL and eight asymptomatic carriers from Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Sequence alignments and comparisons indicated that the 11 HTLV-I strains from southern India were 99.2% to 100% identical among themselves and 98.7% to 100% identical to the Japanese prototype HTLV-I ATK. The majority of base substitutions were transitions and silent. No frameshifts, insertions, deletions or possibly disease-specific base changes were found in the regions sequenced. The observed clustering of the Indian HTLV-I strains with those from Japan, as determined by the maximum parsimony method, suggested a common source of HTLV-I infection with subsequent parallel evolution. Amplification of DNA from blood specimens collected on filter paper may be useful for the study of other blood-borne pathogens

Newfound Hantavirus in Chinese Mole Shrew, Vietnam

Sequence analysis of the full-length medium segment and the partial small and large segments of a hantavirus, detected by reverse transcription–PCR in lung tissues of the Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) captured in Cao Bang Province, Vietnam, in December 2006, indicated that it is genetically distinct from rodentborne hantaviruses

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HOKKAIDO HANTAVIRUS AMONG MYODES RUFOCANUS IN THE BAIKAL LAKE AREA

Hokkaido hantavirus (HOKV) identified originally in the grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus) in Hokkaido, Japan. Subsequent studies showed different genetic lineages of HOKV in Sakhalin, Buryatia and Far Eastern regions of Russia and in China. Tissuesfrom 68 arvicolid rodents, captured in regions south and west of Baikal Lake, were initially tested for hantaviral antigen by ELISA, and tissues from antigen-positive rodents were analyzed for hantavirus RNA by RT-PCr. Taxonomic identification of host species was based on phylogenetic analysis of partial cytochrome b gene sequences. Hantavirus Land S-segment sequences were detected in two antigen-positive M. rufocanus, from the Tunka region of Buryatia Republic (south side) and the Olhon region of Irkutsk Oblast (west side). Sequence analysis showed that the newfound hantavirus strains, designated Baikal and Siberia, represented genetic variants of HOKV Previously unknown genetic variant designated Siberia was identified in M. rufocanus captured in Olhon region. Second genetic variant from Tunka region, designated Baikal, was closely related to previously described hantavirus strain from the same region. Alignment and comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed intra-strain differences of 18,4 % and 5,3 % for the L segment and 17,4 % and 3,5 % for the S segment, respectively. Sequence divergence from geographically distant HOKV strains were 17,4-21,5 % and 3,9-6,8 % for the L segment and 15,2-17,0 % and 3,3-4,0 % for the S segment, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, based on a 346-nucleotide region of the L segment, revealed four lineages represented by previously reported variants from Japan and Sakhalin (strains Kitahiyama128L/2008, Tobetsu35L/2010 and Sakhalin99L/1998), Shkotovo in Far-Eastern Russia (strain Khekhtsir37L/2002) and the new variants from Baikal Lake. Analysis of the N protein, coding by the S segment, identified specific amino acid signatures for YJRV of Lys5, Arg26, Val/Ile68, Val/Ala9 He262, Pro283. Conclusions: HOKV is widespread across the geographic range of its arvicolid rodent reservoir host

Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: a synthesis.

A series of intensive, longitudinal, mark-recapture studies of hantavirus infection dynamics in reservoir populations in the southwestern United States indicates consistent patterns as well as important differences among sites and host-virus associations. All studies found a higher prevalence of infection in older (particularly male) mice; one study associated wounds with seropositivity. These findings are consistent with horizontal transmission and transmission through fighting between adult male rodents. Despite very low rodent densities at some sites, low-level hantavirus infection continued, perhaps because of persistent infection in a few long-lived rodents or periodic reintroduction of virus from neighboring populations. Prevalence of hantavirus antibody showed seasonal and multiyear patterns that suggested a delayed density-dependent relationship between prevalence and population density. Clear differences in population dynamics and patterns of infection among sites, sampling periods, and host species underscore the importance of replication and continuity of long-term reservoir studies. Nevertheless, the measurable associations between environmental variables, reservoir population density, rates of virus transmission, and prevalence of infection in host populations may improve our capacity to model processes influencing infection and predict increased risk for hantavirus transmission to humans