Source Mechanism and Rupture Directivity of the 18 May 2009 M_W 4.6 Inglewood, California, Earthquake

On 18 May 2009, an M_w 4.6 earthquake occurred beneath Inglewood, California, and was widely felt. Though source mechanism and its location suggest that the Newport–Inglewood fault (NIF) may be involved in generating the earthquake, rupture directivity must be modeled to establish the connection between the fault and the earthquake. We first invert for the event’s source mechanism and depth with the cut-and-paste method in the long-period band (>5 s). Because of the low velocity shallow sediments in the Los Angeles (LA) basin, we use two velocity models in the inversion for stations inside and outside the LA basin. However, little difference is observed in the resolved source mechanism (M_w 4.6, strike 246°/145°, dip 50°/77°, rake 17°/138°) and depth (7 to ~9 km), compared to an inversion using the standard southern Calfornia model. With the resolved source parameters, we calibrate the amplitude anomaly of the short-period (0.5–2 Hz) P waves with amplitude adjustment factors (AAF). These AAFs are used as corrections when retrieving source mechanisms of the smaller aftershocks using short-period P waves alone. Most of the aftershocks show similar source mechanisms as that of the mainshock, providing ideal empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) for studying its rupture process. We use a forward modeling approach to retrieve rupture directivity of the mainshock, consistent with movement on the NIF with rupture toward the southeast. Although we focus on P waves for analyzing rupture directivity, the resolved unilateral pattern is also confirmed with the azimuthal variation of the duration of SH waves observed in the basin. The high rupture velocity near the shear velocity and relatively low stress drop are consistent with the hypothesis of rupture on a mature fault

Dibromido{2-morpholino-N-[1-(2-pyrid­yl)ethyl­idene]ethanamine-κ3 N,N′,N′′}zinc(II)

In the title complex, [ZnBr2(C13H19N3O)], the ZnII atom is five-coordinated by the three N-donor atoms of the Schiff base ligand and by two Br atoms in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation

Investigating galactic double white dwarfs for sub-milliHz gravitational wave missions

A large number of galactic binary systems emit gravitational waves (GW) continuously with frequencies below $\sim$10 mHz. The LISA mission could identify the tens of thousands of binaries over years of observation and will be subject to the confusion noise around 1 mHz yielded by the unresolved sources. Beyond LISA, there are several missions have been proposed to observe GWs in the sub-mHz range where the galactic foreground is expected to be overwhelming the instrumental noises. In this study, we investigate the detectability of sub-mHz GW missions to detect the galactic double white dwarf (DWD) binaries and evaluate the confusion noise produced by the undistinguished DWDs. This confusion noise could also be viewed as a stochastic GW foreground and be effectively observed in the sub-mHz band. The parameter determinations for the modeled foreground are examined by employing different detector sensitivities and population models. By assuming the determined foregrounds could be subtracted from the data, we evaluate the residuals which are expected to have power spectral densities two orders of magnitude lower than the originals data.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figure

Allocation of tie-line costs in power exchange scheduling using amulti-agent approach

After deregulations in power industries, the original boundary lines have been removed and how to support optimal cross-border electricity trade planning has become an important issue. Decentralization, or all market participants have the rights to participate in decision making, is one of the directions. In this paper a decentralized structure is suggested to solve the problem using multi-agent technology. In this structure the information centralization is prevented and each market participant behaves rationally based on local information. Although the market participants make decisions to protect its own benefits, the minimum production and transmission cost of the whole system can be finally reached. This structure is based on the method proposed in another paper by the authors and implemented on computer via a multi-agent system using Java programming language. A demonstration on a 5-area test system shows that the suggested new approach is effective and promising.published_or_final_versio

A decentralized approach for optimal wholesale cross-border trade planning using multi-agent technology

Over the past decade, power industry has been undergoing deregulations to introduce competitions among market participants. Once centralized decision making must now adapt to the new market structure. The optimal cross-border electricity trade planning is an important issue in interconnected power systems under transmission open access. In this paper a decentralized approach is suggested to solve the problem using multi-agent technology. In the new approach rational market participants make decisions based on their own benefits, in the meantime the minimum production and transmission cost of the whole system can be reached without a central coordination except necessary information exchange through media like the Internet. A relevant lemma has been proven. The approach is implemented via a multi-agent system using Java programming language. Computer tests on a 5-area test system show that the suggested new approach is effective and promising.published_or_final_versio

A multi-agent based negotiation support system for cost allocation of cross-border transmission

Regulation and protection have been the major issues to prevent the consumers from enjoying good quality of service (QoS) at reasonable prices, for example, electricity and long distance call service. Deregulation in such industries started in early 1970s and have achieved significant results in, for example, telecommunication industry. The deregulation in telecommunication was mainly focused on reducing the market power to add more competition to reduce the price and to improve QoS. Similarly, the power industry in several countries also underwent regulation. The power industry used to be protected and regulated. Consumers were forced to buy electricity from particular suppliers and suffered high prices and low QoS. After deregulation, the original boundary lines have been removed and consumers have more alternatives. How to support optimal planning of cross-border electricity trade has become an important issue since then. Decentralization, or participants have the rights to participate in decision making, is one of the directions of deregulation. In this paper a decentralized structure is suggested to solve the problem by using multi-agent technology to create autonomy for each participant. In such structure the centralization of information transmission or decision making is prevented. Each participant behaves rationally to search for best benefit or payoff through the information she or he owns or through information exchange with other participants. Although all the market participants make decisions to protect their own benefits, the optimal solution (total costs) of the whole system can be achieved finally. This structure is based on the method proposed in [5] and implementation, which a multiagent system called Multi-Agent System for Cross-Border Trade (MASCBT), was done by using Java programming language. A demonstration on a 5-area test system shows that the suggested new approach is effective and promising.published_or_final_versio

Calcium and Calmodulin Involve in Mycorrhizal and Root Development in Trifoliate Orange Colonized by Rhizophagus intraradices

A pot experiment was made to study effects of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA, an inhibitor of Ca2+) and trifluoperazine (TFP, an inhibitor of calmodulin (CaM) on mycorrhizal colonization, growth performance, and chlorophyll, sucrose and glucose concentrations of four-month-old trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings under mycorrhization with Rhizophagus intraradices. Exogenous EGTA and TFP notably inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization, and the addition of EGTA also decreased soil hyphal length. In general, EGTA treatment decreased but TFP increased easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) and total GRSP (T-GRSP) concentrations. In addition, EGTA and TFP applications generally significantly inhibited growth performance (height, stem diameter, leaf number, and shoot and root biomass), root traits (total length, surface area, volume, and number of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order lateral root), and chlorophyll a,b and a+b concentrations, the mycorrhizal inoculation generally reversed the negative effects and markedly increased these variables, irrespective of whether the seedlings were applied by inhibitors or not. EGTA and TFP treatments generally inhibited sucrose and glucose levels of leaf and root, except that TFP application notably increased root glucose in AM and non-AM seedlings. AMF inoculation resulted in carbohydrate modification: decrease in leaf sucrose, increase in root sucrose and leaf glucose, as well increase in root glucose under no-inhibitor and EGTA conditions and decrease in root glucose under TFP. It suggests that Ca2+ and CaM were involved in mycorrhizal and root development in trifoliate orange

Clinical analysis of high myopia in 320 cases in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

AIM: To analyze the clinical manifestations and etiological factors of high myopia in 320 cases. <p>METHODS:A total of 320 patients(640 eyes)with high myopia treated in Ningxia Eye Hospital from January 2011 to November 2012 were studied. All of them underwent thorough eye examination and relevant environmental factors were recorded. The following data were analyzed, including gender, ethnicity, age of onset, refractive error, axial length, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), educational level and living environment. <p>RESULTS: Bilateral high myopia was present in 320 patients(130 men and 190 women; 250 being of Han nationality and 70 of Hui nationality)with a mean age of 42.65±16.51 years(range: 3-80 years); the male to female ratio was 1:1.5. The age of onset was lower than 20 years in 237 patients, higher than 21 yeas in 83 patients, the difference was statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.001). There was no significant difference between diopter and educational level(<i>P</i>>0.05). The patients with BCVA higher than 0.3 increased with diopter increased, while BCVA lower than 0.8 and between 0.4～0.7 reduced. Refraction was significantly negatively correlated with BCVA(<i>r</i>=-0.196, <i>P</i><0.05)and positive correlated with axial length(<i>r</i>=0.681, <i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: In the study, patients with high myopia tend to have early onset, low educational level, and spacious living environment. Such results indicate that the genetic factors may be the main cause of high myopia in this group. The higher the degree of myopia was, the worse BCVA and the longer AL would be