Data_Sheet_2_His-Ala-Phe-Lys peptide from Burkholderia arboris possesses antifungal activity.xlsx

Burkholderia arboris, which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, has been shown to possess antifungal activity against several plant fungal pathogens; however, the antifungal compounds are yet to be identified. Here, we identified the antifungal compounds produced by B. arboris using genetic and metabolomic approaches. We generated a Tn5 transposon mutation library of 3,000 B. arboris mutants and isolated three mutants with reduced antifungal activity against the plant fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Among the mutants, the M464 mutant exhibited the weakest antifungal activity. In the M464 genome, the transposon was inserted into the cobA gene, encoding uroporphyrin-III methyltransferase. Deletion of the cobA gene also resulted in reduced antifungal activity, indicating that the cobA gene contributed to the antifungal activity of B. arboris. Furthermore, a comparison of the differential metabolites between wild type B. arboris and the ∆cobA mutant showed a significantly decreased level of tetrapeptide His-Ala-Phe-Lys (Hafk) in the ∆cobA mutant. Therefore, a Hafk peptide with D-amino acid residues was synthesized and its antifungal activity was evaluated. Notably, the Hafk peptide displayed significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, two plant pathogens that cause destructive fungal diseases. Overall, a novel antifungal compound (Hafk) that can be used for the biocontrol of fungal diseases in plants was identified in B. arboris.</p

Data_Sheet_1_His-Ala-Phe-Lys peptide from Burkholderia arboris possesses antifungal activity.docx

Burkholderia arboris, which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, has been shown to possess antifungal activity against several plant fungal pathogens; however, the antifungal compounds are yet to be identified. Here, we identified the antifungal compounds produced by B. arboris using genetic and metabolomic approaches. We generated a Tn5 transposon mutation library of 3,000 B. arboris mutants and isolated three mutants with reduced antifungal activity against the plant fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Among the mutants, the M464 mutant exhibited the weakest antifungal activity. In the M464 genome, the transposon was inserted into the cobA gene, encoding uroporphyrin-III methyltransferase. Deletion of the cobA gene also resulted in reduced antifungal activity, indicating that the cobA gene contributed to the antifungal activity of B. arboris. Furthermore, a comparison of the differential metabolites between wild type B. arboris and the ∆cobA mutant showed a significantly decreased level of tetrapeptide His-Ala-Phe-Lys (Hafk) in the ∆cobA mutant. Therefore, a Hafk peptide with D-amino acid residues was synthesized and its antifungal activity was evaluated. Notably, the Hafk peptide displayed significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, two plant pathogens that cause destructive fungal diseases. Overall, a novel antifungal compound (Hafk) that can be used for the biocontrol of fungal diseases in plants was identified in B. arboris.</p

Trends in annual numbers of articles written by researchers from the six countries from 2000 to 2010.

<p>Trends in annual numbers of articles written by researchers from the six countries from 2000 to 2010.</p

Average impact factors (IF) of articles written by authors from six countries from 2000 to 2010, based on the annual IFs of the journals published.

<p>Average impact factors (IF) of articles written by authors from six countries from 2000 to 2010, based on the annual IFs of the journals published.</p

Annual total IFs of articles published by researchers from the top five countries and China from 2000 to 2010.

<p>Annual total IFs of articles published by researchers from the top five countries and China from 2000 to 2010.</p

Annual citations of articles related to PBC written by authors from the top five countries and China from 2000 to 2010.

<p>Annual citations of articles related to PBC written by authors from the top five countries and China from 2000 to 2010.</p

Average number of citations in articles published by researchers from the different countries during the past 11 years.

<p>Average number of citations in articles published by researchers from the different countries during the past 11 years.</p

Total number of basic research, case reports, clinical research, commentaries, and reviews relating to PBC worldwide from 2000 to 2010.

<p>Total number of basic research, case reports, clinical research, commentaries, and reviews relating to PBC worldwide from 2000 to 2010.</p

Number of clinical trials, RCTs, and case reports written by authors from the six countries between 2000 and 2010.

<p>Number of clinical trials, RCTs, and case reports written by authors from the six countries between 2000 and 2010.</p

Ordovician Biostratigraphy — Index Fossils, Biozones and Correlation

Figure 2. Middle Ordovician time scale, stages, and graptolite, conodont and chitinozoan zonal schemes. The leftmost column is the chronometric time scale from Goldman et al. (2020, in Gradstein et al. 2020). Zonations and correlations for graptolites are modified from the following (and references therein) — Goldman et al. (2020), Loydell (2012), Maletz (2021), Maletz and Ahlberg (2018), VandenBerg and Cooper (1992), Cooper and Sadler (2012) and Zalasiewicz et al. (2009); for conodonts modified from Goldman et al. (2020), Albanesi and Ortega (2016), Bergström and Wang (1995), Wang et al. (2018), Zhen et al. (2020a, 2020b, 2021); Zhen and Percival (2003), Zhen and Nicoll (2009) and Zhang et al. (2019); and for chitinozoans from Goldman et al. (2020), Nõlvak et al. (2006) and Paris et al. (2004). 1The South Gondwana graptolite zonation for the Middle Ordovician is adapted from Gutiérrez-Marco et al. (2017)