Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Local Chicken Ecotypes in Burkina Faso Using Microsatellite Markers

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of local chicken ecotypes from Burkina Faso using microsatellite markers. A total of 71 individuals representing local chicken populations from the Centre-East (18), Centre-North (17), Sahel (18) and South-West (18) were used to estimate genetic diversity indices, population structure and phylogenetic relationships using 20 selected polymorphic microsatellite markers. The number of alleles, mean number of alleles, mean of observed and expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were 127, 6.35, 0.391, 0.521, 0.539 and 0.541, respectively. The estimated overall fixation index between loci (F), among populations (FIS) and inbreeding coefficient within chicken ecotypes were 0.239, 0.267 and 0.243, respectively. Analysis of the molecular variance revealed that 77% of the total genetic diversity was attributed to within-population variation and the remaining 1% and 22% were attributed to among-regions differentiation (FST) and among-individual differentiation (FIT), respectively. The highest pairwise genetic distance (0.026) was found between the local Konde ecotype and those from the Centre-North region while the lowest distance was observed between local chickens from the Sahel and the Centre-North regions (0.003). Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree and principal component discriminant analyses confirmed the observed genetic distances between populations. The results show that local chickens in Burkina Faso have a rich genetic diversity with little differentiation between the studied populations. This study provides important information on measures of genetic diversity that could help in the design and implementation of future genetic improvement and conservation programs for local chickens in Burkina Faso

Gaps and opportunities for the integrated delivery of mother-child care, postpartum family planning and nutrition services in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger

# Background Maternal and infant deaths can be prevented through integrated service delivery during pregnancy, postpartum, and early childhood. Our study analyses the gaps and opportunities associated with integrating maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) services with postpartum family planning (PPFP) and nutrition services at different points of contact in health facilities in a preintervention context in west Africa. # Methods We conducted a qualitative study from June to July 2018 in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger. The points of contact studied at the health facility level were the prenatal care, postpartum care and immunisation/growth monitoring services. Individual in-depth interviews were used to collect data from key informants (providers, community health workers and mother-child health programme managers). To measure the degree of service integration, we used the dimensions and indicators included in the Integra Initiative framework concerning four aspects of integration: physical (the availability of multiple services in the health facility), temporal (the availability of care more than one day per week), provider level, and functional (the receipt of integrated services by the client). # Results The findings of this study show that the integrated delivery of MNCH, PPFP, and nutrition services is configured in similar ways in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger and is insufficient at all points of contact. Physical integration is high. However, the study found important gaps in temporal, functional and provider-level integration. The main barriers to integrated service delivery are the shortage of providers, the lack of training in integrated service delivery, and insufficient service organisation. However, the availability of multiple services throughout the week, the multiple points of contact between the mother-child pair and the health system, and the multiple skills of providers represent opportunities for functional integration through the establishment of a formal referral system between the different care units with follow-up and feedback among service providers. # Conclusions The provision of training and the development of a well-organised referral system in different health facilities, taking into account the specific characteristics of each health facility (urban/rural, primary health facility/district hospital), can improve the delivery of integrated MNCH, PPFP, and nutrition care to the mother-child pair

CONTENT ADHERENCE TO FIDELITY

Content adherence of seasonal malaria chemoprevention intervention's activities to implementation fidelity in Kaya health district in 2014 and 201

21. Une évaluation d’implantation au Burkina Faso avec une méthode mixte

L’UNICEF (2009) avance que 80 % des décès maternels pourraient être évités si les interventions connues étaient mises en œuvre. Ainsi, dans le domaine de la lutte contre la mortalité maternelle, de nombreuses voix s’élèvent pour déplorer que des stratégies a priori efficaces ne soient pas mises en place, notamment en Afrique (De Brouwere et Van Lerberghe, 2001 ; United Nations Secretary-General, 2010). L’une des interventions recommandées est de favoriser le recours à du personnel qualifié lo..

SCHEDULE ADHERENCE TO IMPLEMENTATION FIDELITY

Schedule adherence of seasonal malaria chemoprevention intervention's activities to implementation fidelity in Kaya health district in 2014 and 201

Why do women pay more than they should? : a mixed methods study of the implementation gap in a policy to subsidize the costs of deliveries in Burkina Faso

In 2007, Burkina Faso launched a public policy to subsidize 80% of the cost of normal deliveries. Although women are required to pay only the remaining 20%, i.e., 900 F CFA (1.4 Euros), some qualitative evidence suggests they actually pay more.The aim of this study is to test and then (if confirmed) to understand the hypothesis that the amounts paid by women are more than the official fee, i.e., their 20% portion. A mixed method sequential explanatory design giving equal priority to both quantitative (n = 883) and qualitative (n = 50) methods was used in a rural health district of Ouargaye. Half (50%, median) of the women reported paying more than the official fee for a delivery. Health workers questioned the methodology of the study and the veracity of the women's reports. The three most plausible explanations for this payment disparity are: (i) the payments were for products used that were not part of the delivery kit covered by the official fee; (ii) the implementers had difficulty in understanding the policy; and (iii) there was improper conduct on the part of some health workers. Institutional design and organizational practices, as well as weak rule enforcement and organizational capacity, need to be considered more carefully to avoid an implementation gap in this public policy

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

07 juin 19331933/06/07 (A34,N11862)

Groundwater level changes since 1978 in an African city on basement rocks : the case of the CIEH borehole in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

International audienceThe CIEH piezometer, located in the center of Ouagadougou city presents a water level record spanning the West African Drought which peaked during the 80s and 90s. Its water level is investigated as a potential proxy for groundwater water resources in West African basement rock aquifers submitted to climate changes. 23 boreholes and wells in various land uses and within a 2 km radius around the CIEH piezometer were monitored during the 2013-2014 hydrologic year. The minimum water level occurred in May, at the end of the dry season, while the maximum took place in October, one month after the end of the rainy season. The mean water level amplitude is 3 m, the minimum amplitude being reached at the CIEH piezometer (0.76 m). Moreover, the CIEH piezometer is located in a 2 m amplitude water table depression either in May or in October. Simplified 2d modeling using a general basement aqui-fer structure shows that (i) the water level in the piezometer is under ongoing influence of the spillway raise of the nearby dam#3 lake in 2002, (ii) the whole 1978-2004 period cannot be modelled with constant parameters. A 3% decrease of water uptake is adopted after 1985, presumably resulting from land use changes in the Ouagadougou city. The water table at the CIEH piezometer is presently at its 1978 level, which can considered as a pre-drought value. However this includes a 1.5 m contribution of the two abovementioned anth-ropic effects Further quantitative interpretations of the CIEH piezometer record will require additional geophysical and hydrological investigations