Educational Reform of Sichuan Agricultural University

前稿に続いて，中国の農学高等教育改革の事例として四川農業大学（四川農大）の教学改革の状況を以下に報告する。社会経済の急激な変貌やグローバル化の進展，科学技術の進歩の中で，我が国の農学系大学・学部のあり方が問われ，一定の改革が行われている。中国も例外ではない。社会経済の発展の必要や人々の高等教育に対する期待の高まりの中で，大衆化の規模に拡大した中国の高等教育も，諸外国同様，学生の学力低下や就職難，膨大な財政負担という問題に遭遇している。特に膨大な人口を抱え，急速な工業化の中で，食糧供給力の不足や環境の劣化などの問題に，農学系大学・学部の教育が適切に対応できているかどうかが問題になっている。本稿では，社会経済の変貌と社会の需要に四川農大がどのように対応し，どのような教学改革を行ってきたか，改革の理念との関連で，専攻の種類と規模，カリキュラムの構造，単位制を基礎とする教学改革とその効果を担保する諸施策について具体的に報告する。This article presents the attempts of educational reform at Sichuan Agricultural University as an example of reform of agricultural higher education in China. Same in Japan, the objectives of agricultural higher education in this highly technologically advanced world, are strictly discussed also in China. In this University, in the process of severe study of the existing educational state, school administrators and teachers (also included even students) established a new educational system. This system includes curriculum reform, new majors adaptable to social needs, guarantee of student quality and effective administration proceeding this system

Study on the lecture “Introduction to Agricultural Sciences” for freshman-class students

殆んどの学生が都市部の出身であって,農業と農学について白紙であると想定して,大学入学当初に勉学意欲を向上させる目的で学部規模の「農学概論」の授業を行った.取扱った内容は(1)日本の農業はどうなっているか.(2)農業の社会的役割,農業と人間社会とのかかわり,(3)農業の科学―科学としての農学の特長と学び方,の三つである.農学を生物の生産と生産物の利用に関する技術の科学と定義して広義のものとして取扱った.授業後の学生に対する農業・農学についての意識調査の結果から,この授業は一定の効果があったと認められた.A series of lectures on "Introduction to Agricultural sciences" was successfully undertaken in order to give freshman-class students a fundamental knowledge about "Agriculture" and "Agricultural sciences". Emphasis was laid upon the following topics; (1) actual and future aspects of Japanese agriculture, (2) social significance of agriculture in Japan, a highly developed country, (3) relationships of agricultural sciences with natural and social sciences and with the other fields of human culture. It was also emphasized that "Agricultural sciences" should be defined as technological sciences concerned with plant and animal productions and with their products

Reform of Agricultural Higher Education in China

社会経済の急激な変貌やグローバリズムの進展，科学技術の進歩の中で，我が国の農学系大学・学部のあり方が問われ，一定の改革が行われている。中国も例外ではない。社会経済の発展の必要や人々の高等教育に対する期待の高まりの中で，大衆化の規模に拡大した中国の高等教育も，諸外国同様，学生の学力低下や就職難，膨大な財政負担などの問題に直面している。特に膨大な人口を抱え，急速な工業化の中で，食糧供給力の不足や環境の劣化などの問題に，農学系大学・学部の教育が適切に対応できているかどうかが問題になっている。中国では個別の大学のあり方や改革の進展に中央政府の方針が我が国より大きく関係しているので，農学高等教育の問題点とその克服のための施策を報告する前に，本稿では，先ず，中国政府の高等教育全般の改革の概略を紹介した。次いで，農学高等教育の発展と改革の状況を農業部の文書などを参考に紹介し，さらに次稿では，事例として四川農業大学の教学改革について具体的に報告する。This article presents the attempts of agricultural higher education reform in China. Same in Japan, the objectives of agricultural higher education in this highly technologically advanced world, are strictly discussed also in China. Because the central government has strong influence over the educational policy of individual school, before entering agricultural education, the general situation of higher education was discussed. After the rapid accomplishment of the massification of higher education in China, new difficult problems same as in advanced countries occurred, such as unemployment of college graduates and student ’poor scholarship. The government is urged to take some measures against these problems. In China, higher educational institutions are classified into three types and “211” specially founded universities have financial priority. Diversification of school type and school characteristic are highly recommended. Cultural educations are also strongly promoted. In agricultural education, establishment of new majors having strong social need are pushed on

イネLHCIサブユニットLhca4をコードするDELAYED YELLOWING1の分子遺伝学的解析

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(理学)Doctor of Sciencedoctora

CTを用いた成人日本人における股関節寛骨臼計測の基準値の性差および加齢が計測値に与える影響

Background: It is very important to understand the acetabular morphology of the normal hip joint to assist in diagnosis and surgical planning of hip disorders. The purpose of the present study was to obtain gender-based reference values for the acetabular measurements of a normal hip using computed tomography data and investigate the effect of aging on the measurement values. Methods: We measured acetabular parameters (center-edge angle, Sharp angle, vertical center anterior angle, acetabular anteversion) on computed tomography corrected for changing the obliquity, rotation, and tilt of the pelvis. We performed measurements in 245 patients (490 joints; 120 men [240 joints] and 125 women [250 joints]). The mean age was 64.7 ± 14.3 (31-88) years for men and 63.2 ± 15.2 (30-88) years for women. Results: In men and women, the mean center-edge angle was 31.8° ± 6.4° and 30.6° ± 6.5°, the mean Sharp angle was 38.6° ± 3.2° and 40.6° ± 3.8°, the mean vertical center anterior angle was 44.3° ± 7.9° and 40.0° ± 8.5°, and the mean acetabular anteversion angle was 14.3° ± 5.2° and 18.8° ± 5.4°, respectively. All differences were statistically significant. The center-edge angle increased with age in women; however, such an effect was not observed in men. The other measurements showed a similar trend, such as larger vertical center anterior angle and smaller Sharp and acetabular anteversion angles, with aging in both men and women. Conclusions: We used computed tomography data to quantitatively assess the coverage and shape of the acetabulum in adult Japanese subjects and obtain the estimated reference ranges by gender. The results also proved that the measurements changed with aging in both sexes. These facts must be taken into account during the diagnosis of hip disease and planning of surgery.博士（医学）・甲第784号・令和3年3月15日© 2020 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

鶏の消化に関する基礎的研究 : VI 嗉嚢摘出が消化に及ぼす影響

嗉嚢が鶏の消化に果す役割を知るために，正常対照鶏と嗉嚢摘出手術後の嗉嚢摘出鶏について，粉餌および粒粉混合餌を給与した際の消化率を比較して，嗉嚢摘出が消化におよぼす影響を検討した. 嗉嚢の有無に関係なく，各成分とも粒粉混合餌の消化率は粉餌のものより有意に低い.嗉嚢摘出による消化率の低下は，粉餌については粗繊維を除く他は僅かであったが，粒粉混合餌についてはいずれの成分においても著しかった. 嗉嚢摘出鶏に粒粉混合餌を給与する際に砂礫を同時に給与すると，いずれの成分の消化率も著しく向上して粉餌給与の際の消化率に近くなった. 以上の結果から嗉嚢が消化に果す主な役割は機械的なものに関わりのあることが確かめられた.The effects of cropectomy on the digestibility of feed have been studied in ten hens with artificial anus. Four digestion tests each of 5 days were carried out in the following order: 1. With control birds a) fed with all-mash diet, b) fed with mash-grain diet. (after the test (1, h) all the birds were cropectomized.) 2. With cropectomized birds a) fed with all-mash diet, b) fed with mash-grain diet. (half of the birds (2, b) were fed with grits.) Independently to the presence of crop, the digestibility of mash-grain diet was less than the one of all-mash diet. In the case of cropectomized birds, although the digestibility of all-mash diet was only slightly lower than in the case of control birds, yet under mash-grain diet that digestibility lowered considerably. On the other hand a mash-grain diet fed together with grits improved largely the digestibility in the case of cropectomized birds and grew almost equal to that of all-mash diet. These results indicate how closely the main function of the crop, in digestion, is related to the mechanical work

Fundamental studies on the digestion in the domestic fowl V : Effect of grit on the chemical composition of gizzard.

　砂礫給与鶏において筋胃の収縮運動が活発になる原因を調べるために，砂礫給与が筋胃の発達および化学組成，特に筋胃の収縮カに関係のあるミオフィブリールの量に及ぼす影響を検討した. 1) ブロイラー兼用種の雛100羽を砂礫給与区および砂礫無給与区に分かち，砂礫給与の有無以外は同一の飼養条件で8週間飼育した. 2) 育雛につれて摂取される砂礫の量および大きさが大きくなるが， 6週令時を越えると摂取量が低下する.糞中に排池される砂礫の大きさは摂取された砂礫よりも小さい傾向があるがかなり大きいものも認められた. 3) 砂礫給与区における増体重および飼料効率の改善は殆ど認められなかった. 4) 砂礫給与区では8週令時において筋胃の発達が著しかった.即ち，砂礫無給与区の筋胃筋肉重が19.7g，粘膜重が1.77 g，筋胃の縦軸が4.74cm，横軸が4.01 cm. 厚さが2.31 cm，筋胃筋肉の全窒素量が1.44g であるのに対し，砂礫給与区ではそれぞれ， 27.3 g， 2. 25g， 5. 20cm，4.73cm，2. 65cm， 2.06gであった.尚筋胃内の砂礫の滞留量は4週令時においては2. 36g， 8週令時においては7.40g であった. 5) 筋胃の全窒素に占めるミオフィブリール態窒素の割合は， 4週令時においては，砂礫給与区では36.3% ，無給与区では35.4%， 8週令時においては，砂礫給与区では35.8%，無給与区では34.9%となって，いづれも砂礫給与区の方が僅かに高く，両区共に4週令時の方が僅かに高い.しかし差はいづれも有意ではなく，砂礫給与が発育中の雛の筋胃筋肉のミオフィブリールの割合に著しい影響を与えるとは認められなかった.一方，砂礫給与区の筋胃の発達は非常に著しく，筋肉の収縮カに直接的な関係があるとされているミオフィブリールの絶対量は非常に増加しているととになるから，砂礫給与鶏において筋胃の収縮運動が活発になる一因は，筋胃筋肉のミオフィブリール含量の著しい増加によるものと考えられる.In order to elucidate the cause of the active gizzard movement of chick fed with grit, the effects of grit feeding on the development of chick gizzard and the myofibril content of the gizzard muscle were studied. After feeding two groups of 50 male broiler day-old chicks, one group with and another without grit, for 8 weeks, the birds were killed and their gizzard removed for examination. 1) An improvement was hardly observed on the body weight gain and the feed efficiency with grit feeding. 2) The development of gizzard was largely improved with grit feeding. The fresh muscle weight, mucosa weight, size and muscle total N content of the gizzard from chicks fed with grit were all larger than those from chicks fed without grit. 3) The percentage of myofibrillar N in the total N content of the gizzard muscle from chicks fed with grit was 35.8% at 8 weeks old, whereas that from chicks fed without grit was 34.9%. Although the difference was not significant between these two values, absolute content of myofibrillar N should be largely increased with grit feeding, since the total N content of the gizzard muscle from chicks fed with grit was remarkably large compared with those from chicks fed without grit. As the contractile tension of a muscle is thought to be directly related to the myofibril content of muscle fibers, the increased myofibril content with grit feeding must be considered as a cause of active gizzard movement

Nutrient Intake of Beef Cows Grazed in Forest

著者らは林畜経営における放牧和牛の発育阻害要因を解明するための種々の調査研究を行なっているが,今回は,子牛の発育に大きな影響を及ぼす繁殖牛の養分摂取量を,野草地放牧のみに依存する7～10月の期間に限って調査した結果を報告する。 1. 標識牛の追跡による採食行動の調査と全糞採取,およびクロモーゲン指標物質法によって放牧牛の摂取養分量を推定した。 2. 調査牧区の植生は,7月末期のE牧区ではススキとネザサが優占種であり,9月初旬のA牧区ではススキの群落が優占し,次いでネザサが多かった。10月初旬のA牧区はネザサのみであった。以上の結果,放牧牛の食草割合も7月末期ではネザサとススキの割合が5:5,9月初旬には3:7,10月初旬にはススキのみであった。 3. ネザサとススキの成分は主として季節の進行による水分含量の減少によって変動した。ネザサの粗蛋白含量は約4%でススキの2倍である。 4. 野草の摂食量は体重100kgあたりで,7月末期には生草5.48kg,乾物換算で1.70kg,9月初旬には生草で5.30kg,乾物で2.19kg,10月初旬には生草で3.16kg,乾物で1.48kgだった。 5. 採食野草の消化率から求めた養分含量は,7月末期ではTDN16.4%,DCP1.60%,9月初旬にはTDN17.7%,DCP1.51%,10月初旬にはTDN19.0%,DCP2.13%である。 6. 放牧繁殖牛の推定養分摂取量は7月初旬には(体重335kg), DM5.71kg, TDN3.01kg, DCP0.29kg, 9月初旬には(体重403kg), DM8.79kg, TDN3.78kg, DCP0.32kg, 10月初旬には(体重330kg), DM4.85kg, TDN1.98kg, DCP0.22kgであった。これを日本飼養標準の成雌牛の維持の要求量とくらべると,7月末期の摂取量は標準比DM119%, TDN126%, DCP150%となり,9月初旬ではDM159%, TDN134%, DCP145%となり,10月初旬にはDM103%, TDN84%, DCP115%となる。This study was undertaken for the purpose of elucidating some defects in the production of beef cattle (Japanese Black Cattle) bred in forests. The grazing behaviours of beef cows were observed and their nutrient intakes were estimated in July-October during which they did not receive any other supplementary feeds. 1. The two most dominant grasses in the forests were Nezasa (Pleioblastus variegalus Makino) and Susuki (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss). The cows grazed mostly on these. 2. The nutrient contents of these grazed grasses were 16.4% of TDN and 1.60% of DCP at the end of July; 16.4% of TDN and 1.51% of DCP at the beginning of September; and 19.0% of TDN and 2.13% of DCP at the beginning of October. 3. The estimated nutrient intakes of the grazing cows in these forests were 5.17Kg of DM, 3.01Kg of TDN and 0.29Kg of DCP at the end of July (BW 335Kg); 8.79Kg of DM, 3.78Kg of TDN and 0.32Kg of DCP at the beginning of September (BW 403Kg); and 4.85 Kg of DM, 1.98Kg of TDN and 0.22Kg of DCP at the beginning of October (BW 330Kg). These values correspond to 119% of DM, 126% of TDN and 150% of DCP, of those of the maintenance requirement of beef cows in the Japanese Feeding Standard, at the end of July; 159% of DM, 134% of TDN, 145% of DCP at the beginning of September; and 103% of DM, 84% of TDN and 115% of DCP at the beginning of October

New Particle Identification Approach with Convolutional Neural Networks in GAPS

The General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is a balloon-borne experiment that aims to measure low-energy cosmic-ray antiparticles. GAPS has developed a new antiparticle identification technique based on exotic atom formation caused by incident particles, which is achieved by ten layers of Si(Li) detector tracker in GAPS. The conventional analysis uses the physical quantities of the reconstructed incident and secondary particles. In parallel with this, we have developed a complementary approach based on deep neural networks. This paper presents a new convolutional neural network (CNN) technique. A three-dimensional CNN takes energy depositions as three-dimensional inputs and learns to identify their positional/energy correlations. The combination of the physical quantities and the CNN technique is also investigated. The findings show that the new technique outperforms existing machine learning-based methods in particle identification.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figure

Rumination by Goats Consumed Diets with Varying Forage Ratio

反芻家畜における濃厚飼料多給時の反芻行動を調べるため,山羊4頭を供試し,飼料中の乾草を10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60%, 80%とした給与割合の異なる6種の飼料を給与し, 反芻時間,再咀しゃく時間,吐出回数, 反芻期回数などを測定し検討した結果は次の通りである。 1. 乾草割合が増加するにつれて反芻時間は162分(乾草10%給与)～590分(乾草80%給与)に増加した。同様に再咀しゃく時間は104分～472分,吐出回数は152回～608回に増加した。しかしそれらの増加割合はいづれも30%を境として異なる傾向が認められた。 2. 反芻期回数は乾草30%～80%給与ではほぼ一定であったが,乾草10%, 20%給与では減少した。 3. 乾草単位摂取量当りの再咀しゃく時間は乾草給与割合が低率になるにつれて増加の傾向があったが,特に10%給与では急増する傾向が認められた。 4. 各反芻行動に供試山羊の個体差が認められ,特に乾草10%給与では顕著であった。 5. 以上の結果から正常な反芻行動を起こさせるためには,粗飼料として30%以上必要なことが示唆された。A detailed analysis was made of the rumination behavior of four goats on six different combinations of diets, containing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% and 80% of hay. 1. By increase of the hay level from 10% to 80%, the time spent in ruminating increased also from 162 to 590 min, the actual chewing time from 104 to 472 min, and the number of boli regurgitated from 152 to 608. The rate of increase in these values was larger below 30% of hay than that up from 30% to 80% hay. 2. The number of the rumination periods was fairly constant in the diets containing from 30% to 80% hay, but they were much lesser in the case of 10% and 20% hay diets. 3. By decreasing the ratio of hay in diets from 80% to 30%, the actual chewing time per 100g hay intake gradually increased, and it remarkably increased in cases from 20% to 10% of hay. 4. In receiving a diet of 10% hay, the figures showed a great variation among the animals for their various rumination behaviors. 5. It was suggested that, for their normal rumination activity, goats need more than 30% forage in their diet