Bending Fatigue of Wood: Strain Energy-Based Failure Criterion and Fatigue Life Prediction

In this study, bending fatigue behavior of Japanese cedar and Selangan batu was examined. A nonreversible triangular waveform with loading frequencies of 0.5 and 5 Hz was used as load. Applied loads were about 110-70% of the static strength. The fatigue life of Japanese cedar was found to be longer at 5 Hz, especially at low stress level. For Selangan batu, however, loading frequency did not affect fatigue life. When fatigue life exceeded about 40,000 cycles, a crack formed on the compressive sides of the specimens regardless of the loading frequency and species. Cumulative strain energy at failure was found to be the failure criterion regardless of the loading frequency. This criterion could be estimated using the strain energy through the static test. A fatigue life prediction method based on the strain energy of the second loading cycle was proposed. This prediction method provided a good prediction of fatigue life

Spray Heat Transfer Analysis of Steel Making Process by Using ParticleBased Numerical Simulation

Spray cooling is often used in the steel manufacturing process, and the steel plate temperature at the time of manufacture affects productivity and quality. Therefore, the spray heat transfer coefficient estimation becomes important when determining manufacturing conditions or when designing manufacturing facilities. The conventional heat transfer coefficient estimation method is obtained by reversely analyzing the temperature of the steel plate when the heated steel plate is cooled by a single nozzle used or an experimental device simulating a real machine manufacturing facility. However, in actual equipment manufacturing facilities, it is difficult to grasp the heat transfer and flow state of heat transfer part details due to the presence of rolls, water staying on steel plates, and spray when a large amount of water is injected, heat transfer by numerical calculation Coefficient prediction has been desired. In order to calculate the actual physical phenomena even with a single spray, one hundred million droplets of about hundred micrometer diameter are calculated while resolving a few micrometers of vapor film thickness at the time of collision of the steel plates with droplets, so calculation load is huge.Therefore, the authors describe the heat transfer coefficient of the experimental results as a function of the collision pressure because the vapor film is broken and the heat transfer is promoted if the collision pressure of the spray droplets to the steel plate is high [1]. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated by substituting the collision pressure obtained by the numerical calculation into the experimental formula. The behavior of the spray cooling water includes a complex free interface, but can be calculated by the MPS method, and there is an example [2] where the flow rate of the spray cooling water between rolls of a real steel facility is calculated. In the present examination, the MPS method was similarly used for the prediction of the spray collision pressure, and the calculated particle diameter was also set to 3 mm as in the case [2]. As a result of examination, the particles were injected from the spray outlet so as to match the actual water density, and the actual droplet size was matched with the actual collision pressure

液肥濃度と無機養分がキクの黄斑発生に及ぼす影響

　Yellow-leaf-spot, a physiological abnormality occurring in leaves of several chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) cultivars harvested from September to October, is a very serious problem in Japan, of which causes have not been well established. Water stress, high temperature, high irradiation or nutrient stresses are possible physiological factors which may lead to yellow-leaf-spot. In the present study, effects of nutrient levels and mineral composition on the occurrence of yellow-leaf-spot were investigated. ‘Seikou-no-makoto’ and ‘Seikou-no-masaru’ plants were grown in 5 nutrient solutions (N 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 ppm based on Enshi-shoho). In ‘Seikou-no-masaru’ no yellow-leaf-spot occurred. However, in ‘Seikou-no-makoto’, the nodal position with spotted leaves and rate of yellow-leaf-spot increased as nutrient levels increased. ‘Seikou-no-makoto’ plants were supplied with 6 different nutrient solutions containing 3 times N, P, K, Ca, Mg or Fe in 1/3 concentration of Enshi-shoho solution for 3 or 14 days. The nodal position with spotted leaves and rate of yellow-leaf-spot was not affected by mineral composition. The nodal position with spotted leaves and rate of yellow-leaf-spot increased with increasing days of application. Both cultivare were supplied with 7 different nutrient solutions with lacked N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe or only microelement (no mineral) in 1/2 Enshi-shoho solution for 10 days. In ‘Seikou-no-masaru’, no yellow-leaf-spot occurred. It occurred only in ‘Seikou-nomakoto’. yellow-leaf-spot occurred in control, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe deficiency and no mineral, but only slightly in all cases. These results suggest that the occurrence of yellow-leaf-spot was dependent on genotype, and that excessive or deficiency specific elemental mineral stress had no significant effect.９月から10月収穫の作型のキク（Chrysanthemum×morifolium）の葉身で発生する黄斑は水ストレス，高温，強日射，養分ストレスが発生要因として考えられている．本実験では無機養分の濃度，バランスが黄斑の発生に及ぼす影響を調査した．'精興の誠'を５種類の濃度の液肥（園試処方Ｎ０，60，120，180，240，300 ppm）で栽培した場合，液肥濃度が高くなるにつれ，黄斑が発生する範囲，程度共に増大する傾向が見られた．'精興の誠'と'精興の勝'に園試処方１/３濃度を基準とし，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ca，Mg，Fe それぞれを基準の３倍になるように作成した液肥を３または14日間与えた場合，'精興の勝'では黄斑発生は見られなかった．'精興の誠'では黄斑発生は見られたが，発生範囲，発生度ともに処理の影響は見られなかった．また，それぞれの無機養分を欠如させた液肥を作成し10日間与えた場合も黄斑発生に影響は見られなかった．これらの結果から，黄斑発生には遺伝的要因が関与しており，特定の無機養分の過不足により引き起こされるものではないと考えられた

Development of a Combined Real Time Monitoring and Integration Analysis System for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

A combined integration analysis and real time monitoring (Peak Capture System) system was developed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Individual integration analysis and real time monitoring can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze VOCs in the atmosphere and in indoor environments and determine the variation in total VOC (TVOC) concentration with time, respectively. In the Peak Capture System, real time monitoring was used to predict future elevations in the TVOC concentration (peak), and this was used an indicator of when to collect (capture) ambient air samples for integration analysis. This enabled qualitative and quantitative analysis of VOCs when the TVOC concentration was high. We developed an algorithm to predict variation in the TVOC concentration, and constructed an automatic system to initiate air sampling for integration analysis. With the system, auto-sampling and analysis of VOCs in a conventional house were conducted. In comparison with background concentrations, the results of peak analysis enabled identification of compounds whose concentration rose. This also enabled an evaluation of possible VOC emission sources

Formation and characterization of phthalocyanine dimer/C60 solar cells

AbstractOrganic solar cells with μ-oxo-bridged gallium phthalocyanine dimer (GaPc dimer) and fullerene were produced by an evaporation method. A device based on the GaPc dimer provided a conversion efficiency of 4.2×10–3%, which is better compared to a device based on phthalocyanine monomer. Dimerization effect was discussed with a molecular orbital calculation, and the crystalline phases of the present solar cells were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Further improvement of the efficiency was discussed on the basis of the experimental results