The Thermal Evolution of the Postshock Layer in Pregalactic Clouds

We re-examine the thermal evolution of the postshock layer in primordial gas clouds. Comparing the time scales, we find that the evolutionary paths of postshock regions in primordial gas clouds can be basically understood in terms of the diagram drawn in the ionization degree vs temperature plane. The results obtained from the diagram are independent of the density in the case that we do not include photodissociation and photoionization. We also argue that the diagram is not only relevant to the case of the steady postshock flow, but also to the isochorically cooling gas.Comment: 15pages, tar gzipped, 5 figures, PTP TeX (PTP style files are in http://www2.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~ptpwww/ptptex-eng.ptp.html). Progress of Theoretical Physics, in pres

Towards gender mainstreaming trade unions in Japan and Germany: the impact of expanding part-time employment in the 1990s

"In vielen Industriegesellschaften haben sich die Beschäftigungsformen zunehmend diversifiziert durch eine anwachsende Zahl atypischer Beschäftigungsformen, die sowohl Teilzeitarbeit wie Leiharbeit einschließen und mit einer Feminisierung des Beschäftigungssystems einhergehen. Insbesondere seit den 1990er Jahren sehen sich die Gewerkschaften genötigt, auf diesen Wandel zu reagieren. Ansatzpunkt dieses Beitrags sind die aus der Gender-Perspektive wahrgenommenen Veränderungen in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik und den Organisationsstrukturen gewerkschaftlicher Dachverbände in Japan (Rengo) und Deutschland (DGB). Vor dem Hintergrund der verschiedenartigen Systeme industrieller Beziehungen werden die Rekrutierungs- und Gleichbehandlungspolitik beider Gewerkschaftsbünde seit den 1990er Jahren untersucht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Analyse argumentiert der Beitrag, dass die Zukunft der Gewerkschaftsbewegung beider Länder in der Förderung von Gender-Politik, der Verwirklichung der Gleichstellung und der Neuevaluierung des Konzepts der 'Arbeit' sowie der Vereinbarung von Tarifverträgen, mit denen diese Maßnahmen implementiert werden, zu suchen ist." (Autorenreferat)"In many industrialized countries, employment types have increasingly diversified due to a rise in the number of irregular workers, including part-timers and dispatched workers, along with the feminization of employment. Particularly since the 1990s, trade unions have been urged to take necessary measures for this diversification. This paper aims to analyze the transition of trade unions' employment policies and their organizational structure from gender perspectives, focusing on the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengo) in Japan and German Trade Union Federation (DGB) in Germany, and examines the issues of labour movements and their new possibilities. Specifically, considering the differences in the framework of industrial relations in Japan and Germany, the paper analyzes the policies on unionization and equal treatment after the 1990s. On the basis of this analysis, the paper points out that the future of labour movements in Japan and Germany can be sought in further promotion of gender policies, the realization of equal treatment, re-evaluation of the concept of 'labour', and the implementation of collective agreements stipulating all these." (author's abstract

ASTE Simultaneous HCN(4-3) and HCO+(4-3) Observations of the Two Luminous Infrared Galaxies NGC 4418 and Arp 220

We report the results of HCN(J=4-3) and HCO+(J=4-3) observations of two luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), NGC 4418 and Arp 220, made using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). The ASTE wide-band correlator provided simultaneous observations of HCN(4-3) and HCO+(4-3) lines, and a precise determination of their flux ratios. Both galaxies showed high HCN(4-3) to HCO+(4-3) flux ratios of >2, possibly due to AGN-related phenomena. The J = 4-3 to J = 1-0 transition flux ratios for HCN (HCO+) are similar to those expected for fully thermalized (sub-thermally excited) gas in both sources, in spite of HCN's higher critical density. If we assume collisional excitation and neglect an infrared radiative pumping process, our non-LTE analysis suggests that HCN traces gas with significantly higher density than HCO+. In Arp 220, we separated the double-peaked HCN(4-3) emission into the eastern and western nuclei, based on velocity information. We confirmed that the eastern nucleus showed a higher HCN(4-3) to HCN(1-0) flux ratio, and thus contained a larger amount of highly excited molecular gas than the western nucleus.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ (Vol.62, No.1, 2010 Feb 25 issue

小学校低学年における理科の授業に関する歴史的研究 : 大正期から昭和初期を中心にして

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(教育学)Doctor of Philosophy in Educationdoctora

Rika (School Science) in Lower Grades at the Elementary School Attached to Hiroshima Higher Normal School : Analysis of Records from 1911 to 1919

The current study sought to analyze the theory and practices of Rika (school science) in the lower (from the 1st to 3rd) grades at the Elementary School Attached to Hiroshima Higher Normal School (HHNS) from 1911 to 1919. I examined the objectives, teaching methods, and practices of Rika in the lower grades at HHNS during the study period. The results revealed several consistent objectives: to familiarize children with nature (shizen) around them, to make children know and understand the relationship between nature and human society, to establish a fundamental conception of natural things and phenomena, to cultivate the power of observation, to cultivate interest and a spirit of inquiry for natural and human social things and phenomena, and to develop a love of nature in the minds of children. In addition, the analysis revealed that teaching methods were to encourage children to observe and undertake experiments with natural things and phenomena by themselves. Teachers taught Rika using local natural and human social things and phenomena. It should be noted that the theory and practices of Rika from 1911 to 1919 were based on a Japanese traditional view of Rika, with some influence of the educational theory and practices of Germany and USA. Moreover, teachers at HHNS taught Rika in the lower grades in a way that suited the conditions of children and the local environment. The theory and practices of Rika between 1911 and 1919 were later adopted to teach Rika in the lower grades from 1931 to 1940 at HHNS.本論文は，日本理科教育学会第63回全国大会における発表内容の一部を大幅に加筆・修正したものである

Physical and gas transport properties of asymmetric hyperbranched polyimide-silica hybrid membranes

Physical and gas transport properties of the asymmetric hyperbranched polyimide (HBPI) -silica hybrid membranes prepared with a dianhydride, 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), and an asymmetric triamine, 2,4,4’-(triaminodiphenyl)ether (TADE), were investigated and compared with those of the symmetric HBPI-silica hybrid membranes prepared with a symmetric triamine, 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (TAPOB). The HBPI-silica hybrid membranes were prepared via sol-gel reaction using hyperbranched polyamic acid of which end groups were modified with silane coupling agents, water and tetramethoxysilane. The thermal mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis measurements confirmed that the rigidity of asymmetric HBPI was higher than that of symmetric HBPI because of the rigid and asymmetric structure of TADE monomer. In addition, the degree of branching of asymmetric HBPI is lower than that of symmetric HBPI because of the different reactivity of the three amino groups included in TADE. The rigidity and linearity of HBPIs had an effect on the progression of sol-gel reaction, consequently the gas transport properties. The increasing of the gas permeability coefficient of the asymmetric dianhydride(DA)-HBPI-silica hybrid membranes with increasing silica content was smaller than those of symmetric DA- and amine(AM)-HBPI-silica hybrid membranes. In addition, the gas permeability coefficient of the asymmetric AM-HBPI-silica hybrid membranes decreased with increasing silica content. This was due to the fact that the dispersibility of silica in the asymmetric HBPI-silica hybrids, of which polymer chain was more rigid and linear than those of symmetric HBPI-silica hybrid, was not as fine as in the symmetric HBPI-silica hybrids, and that the long and tortuous diffusion path was newly formed by hybridization with silica

HCN to HCO^+ Millimeter Line Diagnostics of AGN Molecular Torus I : Radiative Transfer Modeling

We explore millimeter line diagnostics of an obscuring molecular torus modeled by a hydrodynamic simulation with three-dimensional nonLTE radiative transfer calculations. Based on the results of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulation of the molecular torus around an AGN, we calculate intensities of HCN and HCO^{+} rotational lines as two representative high density tracers. The three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations shed light on a complicated excitation state in the inhomogeneous torus, even though a spatially uniform chemical structure is assumed. Our results suggest that HCN must be much more abundant than HCO^{+} in order to obtain a high ratio ($R_{HCN/HCO+}\sim 2$) observed in some of the nearby galaxies. There is a remarkable dispersion in the relation between integrated intensity and column density, indicative of possible shortcomings of HCN(1-0) and HCO^{+}(1-0) lines as high density tracers. The internal structures of the inhomogeneous molecular torus down to subparsec scale in external galaxies will be revealed by the forthcoming Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations of molecular lines with high-resolution hydrodynamic simulation prove to be a powerful tool to provide a physical basis for molecular line diagnostics of the central regions of external galaxies.Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ, For high resolution figures see http://alma.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~masako/MS72533v2.pd

Expression of a Chitinase Gene and Lysis of the Host Cell Wall during Chlorella Virus CVK2 Infection

AbstractA chitinase gene (vChti-1) encoded by the Chlorella virus CVK2 was cloned and characterized. The vChti-1 open reading frame consisted of 2508 bp corresponding to 836 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence contained two sets of a family 18 catalytic domain that is responsible for chitinase activity. Northern blot analysis revealed that the vChti-1 gene was expressed in virus-infected Chlorella cells late in infection, when a single transcript of about 2.5 kb appeared at 120 min postinfection. This result was confirmed by Western blotting with a specific anti-vChti-1 protein antibody; a protein of about 94 kDa was detected specifically beginning at 240 min postinfection and was present until cell lysis. The protein was not incorporated into viral particles but remained in the medium after cell lysis. The vChti-1 protein produced in virus-infected cells showed chitinase activity on zymogram assays