Analysis of Spatial Trend in Patronage of Traditional Medicine in Kaduna State, Nigeria

This paper present results on the spatial trend in Patronage of Traditional Medicine in Kaduna State Nigeria. The aim of the study is to analyze the spatial trend in patronage of traditional medicine in Kaduna state. Data from the study was derived from the administration of a structured Questionnaire and data from herbal medicine clinic. Data were collected from a questionnaire survey of a sample of 400 respondents of the study area. Descriptive statistics, the ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were the techniques used to summarize the data and test the hypotheses. The total number of patronage received during this period (15years) showed that Zaria recorded the highest level of patronage with total patronage of 43,530(34.5%) persons; this was closely followed by Zangon-Kataf with 43,095(34.2%) persons, while Igabi had the lowest of 39,398(31.3%) persons. It has it that in 2001, 1,231 people patronized TM in Zaria, while in Igabi and Zangon-Kataf, 1, 459 and 986 people patronize TM respectively. As a result of the increase in the demand for TM, the trend experienced a continuous increase in the three selected areas.  This is so as the number of patronage (people that patronize) increase from 1,231 in 2001 in Zaria to 2,759 in 2005 representing 124.1% increase. Similar increase was observed in Igabi and Zangon-Kataf with 314 and 1,672 persons added to the initial number of patronage representing 20.3% and 169.6% increase in the number of patronage respectively. As can be observed, the patronage of TM increased sharply in five years in Zangon-Kataf. Also, from 2005 to 2015, the level of patronage varied among the three areas with Zaria recording 41.2% increase; Igabi recorded 114.6% while Zangon-Kataf recorded 48.1% increase in the level of patronage. Keywords: Spatial Trend, Traditional Medicine and Patronag

Isolation, Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Household - reared Small Ruminants in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic enteric pathogen of public health significance worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out during which 384 faecal samples of household-reared small ruminants and water used in the various houses where the animals are reared were collected. The samples were enriched on tryptone soya broth and cultured on EMB and CT-SMAC to isolate E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 respectively; subjected to conventional biochemical tests and E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed using Wellcolex latex agglutination test kit. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test and multiplex PCR was carried out to detect the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA. The results of the isolation showed isolation rate of E. coli O157:H7 of 4.69% (9/192), 0.52% (1/192) which were obtained from faeces and water samples respectively. The results of the characterisation showed that one of the E. coli O157:H7 isolated harboured the eaeA and hlyA genes but was negative for stx1 and stx2 genes. The highest number of isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (90.9%) while the least was to gentamicin (6.3%). About 97.7% (43/44) of the isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. In conclusion, household-reared small ruminants in the study area were found to be reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and humans living within these households are at risk of infection. The multiple antibiotic resistance recorded in this study suggests wide spread use of antimicrobial drugs in the study area. Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Household-reared small ruminants, Latex agglutination, Multiplex PCR, Antimicrobial sensitivit