Synthesis of Arborescent Amphiphilic Copolymers

Living anionic polymerization techniques were applied to the synthesis of arborescent (dendritic) well-defined graft polymers having core-shell morphologies, with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Cycles of polystyrene substrate acetylation and anionic grafting yielded successive generations of arborescent polystyrenes. The anionic polymerization of styrene with sec-butyllithium provided polystyryllithium serving as side chains. These were coupled with a linear acetylated polystyrene substrate to obtain a generation zero (G0) arborescent polymer. An analogous G0 hydroxyl-functionalized polystyrene substrate with hydroxyl end groups was also obtained by a variation of the same technique, using a bifunctional organolithium initiator containing a hydroxyl functionality protected by a silyl ether group to generate the polystyrene side chains. These were coupled with the linear acetylated polystyrene substrate and subjected to a deprotection reaction to give the G0 polymer functionalized with hydroxyl groups at the chain ends. A similar procedure was used to generate a hydroxyl-functionalized arborescent G1 polymer from the corresponding G0 acetylated polystyrene substrate. The growth of polyglycidol chain segments was attempted from the hydroxyl-functionalized cores, to form a hydrophilic shell around the hydrophobic cores, but led to extensive degradation. A click reaction was also developed to synthesize the amphiphilic copolymers and was much more successful. In this case alkyne-functionalized arborescent polystyrene substrates, obtained by a modification of the hydroxyl-functionalized arborescent polystyrenes, were coupled with azide-functionalized polyglycidol side chains

The Role of Novelists & Poets on Establishing The Saudi Journalism

In this paper, I seek to explore the role of novelists and poets at the beginning of Saudi media history especially from 1924 to 1960. Most of the newspapers were published in the western region because that region is close to Egypt and controlled by ottoman empire so that people could print easily (Alqashaami, 2008). Printers were not available enough in Saudi at that time. This level called an individual level because everyone was able to establish his newspaper (Alqashaami, 2008). Then, novelists and poets started to create the newspaper to publish the literature work as a primary aim of the newspaper. Therefore, the paper will study the newspapers at that level and discuss how those people could write and edit the news while they were poets and novelists rather than journalists. And generally what are impacts of poets and novelists being on Saudi newspapers

Saudi Mediated Public Diplomacy: Exploring the Agenda Building of Government-Sponsored News Before and After the Vision 2030 Announcement

The current study explored the Saudi mediated public diplomacy efforts by examining the agenda building of government-sponsored news before and after the Vision 2030 announcement on all three levels. The study aimed to examine the role of the Saudi Press Agency in affecting the news coverage of The New York Times and The Guardian. Content analysis was used to measure the agenda-building process. Because the study examines the coverage before and after the Vision program, the timeframe for the first sample was from March 1, 2013, to March 31, 2016, and the second sample\u27s timeframe was from May 1, 2016, to May 31, 2019. The findings showed that there is a partial correlation between the Saudi Press Agency and the American and British newspapers in the first level agenda. For the second level, results showed that the Saudi Press Agency could not promote its attributes, and for the last level, findings showed a correlation between the Saudi Press Agency and the American and British newspapers. These findings suggest that Saudi mediated public diplomacy practitioners should adopt the transformation that may increase the chance of affecting other media outlets and help different issues to be more salient. Because the current study contributes to the field by discussing mediated public diplomacy for a long time, the finding showed that the process faces limits that subsequently decrease the degree of success of mediated public diplomacy efforts

Apple’s Get A Mac advertising campaign (Analysis paper)

Apple’s Get A Mac advertising campaign (Analysis paper) Abstract: The paper attempted to analyze Get A Mac campaign that was released in 2006 to 2009 by Apple company to advertise its new product of technology. This topic was chosen because of the successes of Apple’s campaign especially after receiving the Grand Effie Award in 2007, and because of the distinct reactions from people who are interested in the strategic communication field. Continuing to focus on the importance of analyzing Apple’s campaign is that the campaign considered as an international. It shown in many areas like United State, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, so it is significant to study its features in order to reach the core elements that Apple did in Get A Mac campaign. In fact, this paper gained great aspects from this campaign by analyzing the fundamental players such as the target, mediums that send the message, and the content of the advertisements

Apple’s Get A Mac advertising campaign (Analysis paper)

Apple’s Get A Mac advertising campaign (Analysis paper) Abstract: The paper attempted to analyze Get A Mac campaign that was released in 2006 to 2009 by Apple company to advertise its new product of technology. This topic was chosen because of the successes of Apple’s campaign especially after receiving the Grand Effie Award in 2007, and because of the distinct reactions from people who are interested in the strategic communication field. Continuing to focus on the importance of analyzing Apple’s campaign is that the campaign considered as an international. It shown in many areas like United State, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, so it is significant to study its features in order to reach the core elements that Apple did in Get A Mac campaign. In fact, this paper gained great aspects from this campaign by analyzing the fundamental players such as the target, mediums that send the message, and the content of the advertisements

Anionic Polymerization of Styrene and 1,3-Butadiene in the Presence of Phosphazene Superbases

The anionic polymerization of styrene and 1,3-butadiene in the presence of phosphazene bases (t-BuP4, t-BuP2 and t-BuP1), in benzene at room temperature, was studied. When t-BuP1 was used, the polymerization proceeded in a controlled manner, whereas the obtained homopolymers exhibited the desired molecular weights and narrow polydispersity (Ð < 1.05). In the case of t-BuP2, homopolymers with higher than the theoretical molecular weights and relatively low polydispersity were obtained. On the other hand, in the presence of t-BuP4, the polymerization of styrene was uncontrolled due to the high reactivity of the formed carbanion. The kinetic studies from the polymerization of both monomers showed that the reaction rate follows the order of [t-BuP4]/[sec-BuLi] >>> [t-BuP2]/[sec-BuLi] >> [t-BuP1]/[sec-BuLi] > sec-BuLi. Furthermore, the addition of t-BuP2 and t-BuP1 prior the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene allowed the synthesis of polybutadiene with a high 1,2-microstructure (~45 wt %), due to the delocalization of the negative charge. Finally, the one pot synthesis of well-defined polyester-based copolymers [PS-b-PCL and PS-b-PLLA, PS: Polystyrene, PCL: Poly(ε-caprolactone) and PLLA: Poly(L-lactide)], with predictable molecular weights and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Ð < 1.2), was achieved by sequential copolymerization in the presence of t-BuP2 and t-BuP1