Measurements of the charge-to-mass ratio of particles trapped by the Paul Trap for education

Paul traps are devices that confine particles using an oscillating electric field and have been used in undergraduate experimental classes at universities. Owing to the requirement of a high voltage of several thousand volts, no cases of use in middle and high schools are available. Therefore, we developed an all-in-one-type Paul trap device that included a high-voltage transformer. The Paul trap can be equipped with three different types of electrode attachments, ring-type, and linear-type , and the trap image can be observed using a built-in web camera. For example, the charge-to-mass ratio of particles was measured with different types of attachments, and it was shown that reasonable values could be obtained. This type of trap is currently used at several educational facilities in Japan.Comment: 6 pages, 12 figure

Indium coverage of the Si(111)- 7×3 -In surface

The indium coverage of the Si(111)-√7×√3-In surface is investigated by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory calculations. Both experimental and theoretical results indicate that the In coverage is a double layer rather than a single layer. Moreover, the atomic structure of the Si(111)-√7×√3-In surface is discussed by comparing experimental with simulated scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images and scanning tunneling spectra with the calculated density of states. Our structural assignment agrees with previous studies, except for the interpretation of experimental STM images

The antecedents of biliary cancer: a primary care case–control study in the United Kingdom

In a case–control study using a large UK primary care database, we found that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs had no protective effect against biliary carcinomas (cholangiocarcinoma and gall bladder cancer). Increased risks were observed for cigarette smoking, diabetes, gallstone disease and obesity