Representation of Semantic Concepts of Motion Verbs in Sorani Kurdish: A Cognitive Approach

According to Leonard Talmy's “force dynamics” schema, as is observed in natural events, the flow of force is also reflected in linguistic structures, and in this respect, languages ​​are divided into two groups: “verb­-framed” and "satellite-­framed". In the first group, the events related to force dynamics are represented through the verb and in the second group, in the form of a satellite around the root of the verb and through the satellite. The aim of the present study is to explore the linguistic representation of motion events in Sorani Kurdish dialect within this semantic category. The data of this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews with twenty normative speakers. In cases where there were several forms of speech to express motion verbs, its citation form was recorded according to Mardukh's dictionary. Analysis of 260 motion verbs out of 300 speech pieces showed that patterns (motion + method) and (motion + path) are the most frequent patterns in the verbs of this dialect. Also, the 65% statistic representing the semantic concepts of the path through the satellite showed that the Sorani dialect is more inclined towards the satellite-­framed languages

Generativity Approach and Limitations in Word Formation Processes within Quranic Vocabulary and Terminology [In Persian]

"Generativity" was initially introduced by Denis (1838), who associated it with the concept of "being alive." Subsequent scholars such as Jespersen (1942), Darmesteter, Grimm, and others also linked Generativity to this notion. Drawing on the principles of Generativity, vocabulary production, and development occur within specific structures and stages. Generativity is depicted as a process characterized by gradability and gradual evolution, which at times introduces specific constraints that impede the creation of new vocabulary. This study delves into the word formation processes involved in shaping Quranic vocabulary and terminology, examining them through the lens of linguistic principles and generative theories. The generativity approach to various levels of word formation processes encompasses rules, constraints, and obstacles. Among the constraints that influence language in generating or updating vocabulary, factors such as "semantic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, aesthetic, historical reasons, and extralinguistic factors" play a significant role. Semantic constraints, for instance, may restrict word usage due to negative semantic associations, the presence of loanwords can hinder the formation of new words with similar meanings, and semantic expansion in terms of conceptual meanings is also explored. Phonetic limitations and their processes are prevalent in the domains of recitation, vocalization, and eloquence within the language of the Quran. By observing these phonetic processes based on relationships and characteristics of uniformity, aesthetic sensations are evoked, creating a distinct conceptual framework in speech. Morphological constraints play a significant role in word formation, particularly in affix addition, manifesting in three primary ways: the base's affiliation with a specific morphological class, the dependency of affix addition on prior affixation of the base, and the suitability of the base morphology for affix addition. Morphological restrictions dictate that derivational affixes are exclusively applied to specific bases. Historical factors contribute to lexical changes, with shifts in social and cultural contexts influencing vocabulary evolution and imposing constraints. Extensive borrowing from other languages is a key obstacle to word formation in all languages. These constraints sometimes result in differences between specific concepts and terminologies in the Quranic language compared to those prevalent among the Arabic speakers of that era, prompting linguists to investigate the origins and developments underlying these words