Anger;it's impact on human body

Anger is one of our most powerful and vital emotions with behavioural manifestation. It is described as an intense feeling in response to frustration , hurt, disappointment, or threatening.The benefits of anger include overcoming fears and building confidence to counter dangerous phenomenon  or threats which leads to the fight or flight response while the disadvantages of anger consist of excess anger serving as a numbing agent emotionally, physically and cognitively.Physiologically, emotions is considered to commence  from  brain nucleus named as  amygdale , part of brain   responsible for identifying threats to our well-being, and  relaying out an alarm when threats are identified that result in taking steps to protect ourselves. It is important to recognize the physiological effects of anger especially with all the damage this emotion might produce to our body system.This review article examines the physiology, causes of anger and impact of anger on the body

Glycemic control in smokers and risk of type 2 diabetes

Chronic cigarette smoking seems to markedly aggravate insulin resistance that could be due to the increase in counter-regulatory hormones such as GH, cortisol and catecholamine's that elevates blood glucose, Weight gain usually follows the cessation of smoking and increasingly, fear of weight gain discourages many smokers from attempting to quit Yet, weight gain after quitting smoking has proved so unresponsive  to preventive attempt  as to suggest that weight control  might even be incompatible with successful smoking cessation . Innovative treatments that can prevent or minimize weight gain are badly needed to encourage quitting smoking. However recently featured review and research on smoking and diabetes concluded the evidence that smoking is associated with the preparation for development of type 2 diabetes in men and women Therefore, this review focuses in the possible features of smoking cessation on the glycemic control and risk of type 2 diabetes.key words: Hyperglycemia,Smokers, types 2 diabete

PLACENTA ACCRETA IN PRIMIGRAVIDA AT PERIPHERAL SETUP – A RARE CASE REPORT

One of the risk factors for maternal mortality is morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) and accounts for 7–10% of maternal mortality cases worldwide. Placenta accreta is the most common type of MAP, while the other two types are placenta increta and placenta percreta. Placenta accrete accounts for 75–80% of MAP. Here, we present a case of 22 years old, primigravida with no known antenatal risk factors, diagnosed to have placenta accreta intraoperatively after delivering health baby. It is extremely rare for MAP to occur in a patient with no prior risk factors in a primigravida. Peripartum hysterectomy is the only option in a limited care facility with a hemodynamically unstable patient without a proper full-fledged blood bank facility. It is once again reiterated that bleeding from the vagina that does not slow or stop, drop in blood pressure and signs of shock are early signs of blood loss and should be investigated with great concern

CORONA VIRUS DISEASE-19 PANDEMIC - THERAPEUTICS AND NOVEL DEVELOPMENT

Every individual must follow the slogan of front line worker as “we stay at work for you, you stay at home,” This means to protect the healthcare worker who are working in the frontline to save life of the corona virus disease (COVID)-19 patient of the different phases, other should stay home safe and secured; however, if we could not protect them than the matter will be serious to everyone to control the situation of this pandemic and many life can be lost. Thus, it is suggested to the young asymptmatic people to remain quarantine and isolated until the incubation period be over, it could be as long as 41 days or as short as 6 days but average time necessary is 14 days. There are no drugs or other therapeutics presently working to knock out COVID-19 pandemic. However, drugs employed in the treatment of hospitalized patient are on the basis of previous exposure of congruent strain of virus; in addition, supportive care management such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation procedure is highly being used to the critical patient. This review highlights step to step treatment plan, employed therapeutics, mechanism, efficacy, and new development of the clinical trial results if any

Pseudo-aneurysm of mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa: Two case reports

AbstractThe fibrous body between the mitral and aortic valve, known as mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF) is prone to infection and injury resulting in pseudo-aneurysm formation. Because of its relative rarity, we are far from making any conclusion regarding the natural history and appropriate therapeutic strategy for this condition. We report two cases of this condition with two different and rare etiologies with strikingly different natural courses, providing insight into the natural course and timing of surgery in this rare entity

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE - 19 – A SERIOUS THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH

The year 2020 is a public health emergency period declared globally by the WHO when on March 11, 2020, the deadly novel coronavirus-2019 causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) extended its stride in almost 150 countries commenced from Wuhan wet market, China led to declare globally as pandemic disease. Till date, more than 3 million are worldwide infected and the number is still in progression and nearly 200,000 people have succumbed, nearly 50,000 people only in United State died of this virus. Hence, this virus has brought global disaster. Therefore, this review is attempting to present a picture on coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis, treatment, on the basis of available literature after search from the renowned database, especially focusing on public health impact. Treatment strategy is most essential part to focus for public health management and to save more life from this pandemic. As of date, there are no specific drugs for its treatment only repurpose drugs are employed for the hospitalized patient in present scenario, for example, Remdesivir made for Ebola is being use now in Covid-19 which inhibit replicase enzyme and reduced viral load, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine an antimalarial drugs which prevent binding of S1 domain of Spike protein of SARS coronavirus 2 with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 receptor and prevent fusion by S2 subunit thus overall prevent entering into the human susceptible cells along with it increases endosomal unstability by increasing pH. In addition, supportive care management such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation procedure is highly supportive to the critical patient. There infected more than 10 million people with more than 0.5 million death, the observation of July 7, 2020

Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation in normotensive obese and eutrophic adults of Nepal

Background: Obese people have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, though unknown mechanism, supposed to be due to autonomic dysfunction which is still in controversy. This study aimed to assess and compare heart rate variability (HRV) between normotensive obese and adults.Methods: The study was conducted on 30 normotensive obese adults (mean age 32.07±7.25 years) with BMI>30 and 29 age- and sex-matched normal weight controls (mean age 30.48±8.01 years) with BMI: 18-24 Kg/m2. Short-term HRV variables were assessed using standard protocol. The data were compared between the groups using Mann Whitney ‘U’ test.Results: In obese group, there was significant increase in the mean heart rate [79.17±8.80 Vs 71.48±8.41 beats/min, p=0.001], systolic blood pressure [121.20±9.89 Vs 113.24±11.07, mmHg, p=0.004] and diastolic blood pressure [84.97±7.87 Vs 74.83±10.31 mmHg, p=0.000]. The HRV parasympathetic indicators were less [RMSSD {28.75(16.72-38.35) Vs 41.55(30.6-56.75) ms, p=0.018}, NN50 {15.5(2-39) Vs 83.5(32.75-116.25), p=0.010}], and sympathetic indicator LF/HF ratio [1.2(0.65-2.20) Vs 0.79(0.5-1.02), p=0.004] was more in obese group.Conclusions: Obese persons have increased sympathetic activity with a reduction in parasympathetic (vagal) tone indicating poor autonomic cardiac rhythm control. Moreover, the altered autonomic activity could be the reason for increased mean heart rate and blood pressures in normotensive obese persons

Role of Brain Angiotensin-II in Development of Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy in Wistar Rats

Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Angiotensin-II secreted during the RAAS pathway increases nephropathy. It stimulates oxidative stress which can quench nitric oxide. Reduced nitric oxide level aggravates Ang-II-induced vasoconstriction. Ang-II has also emerged as a central mediator of the glomerular hemodynamic changes that are associated with renal injury. Deletion of ACE2 is also noted due to increased Ang-II level which leads to the development of DN. We hypothesize that nephropathy caused by Ang-II in the periphery may be controlled by brain RAAS. ACE inhibitors and ARBs may show the renoprotective effect when administered through ICV without crossing the blood-brain barrier. DN was observed after 8 weeks of diabetes induction through alloxan. Administration of captopril and valsartan once and in combined therapy for 2 weeks, significantly reduced urine output, blood urea nitrogen, total protein in the urine, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum triglycerides, and kidney/body weight ratio as compared to diabetic control rats. Further, combination therapy significantly increased the body weight and serum nitrate level as compared to diabetic control animals. However, increased ACE2 levels in the brain may reduce the sympathetic outflow and might have decreased the peripheral activity of Ang-II which shows beneficial effects in DN

Co-existence of gastric adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma: a rare entity

A mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma is a tumor composed of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma components, with each comprising  at least one-third of the lesion, as defined by the World Health Organization classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms in 2010.. A 67-years-old male was admitted to the hospital with symptoms suggesting gastric cancer. Histopathology examination from endoscopic biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. Later partial gastrectomy specimen examination the lesion show presence of well differentiated adenocarcinoma along with neuro endocrine carcinoma.</p