The surface core level shift for lithium at the surface of lithium borate

The shallow Li 1s core level exhibits a surface-to-bulk core level shift for the stoichiometric Li2B4O7(110) surface. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy was used to indentify Li 1s bulk and surface core level components at binding energies -56.5 ± 0.4 and -53.7 ± 0.5 eV, respectively.We find photoemission evidence for surface states of Li2B4O7(110) that exist in the gap of the projected bulk density of states. The existence of surface states is consistent with the large surface-to-bulk core level shift for the Li 1s core

The electronic structure of Li2B4O7(110) and Li2B4O7(100)

The band structure of Li2B4O7(100) and Li2B4O7(110) was experimentally determined using a combination of angle-resolved photoemission and angle-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopies. The experimental band gap depends on crystallographic direction but exceeds 8.8 eV, while the bulk band gap is believed to be in the vicinity of 9.8 eV, in qualitative agreement with expectations. The occupied bulk band structure indicates relatively large values for the hole mass; with the hole mass as significantly larger than that of the electron mass derived from the unoccupied band structure. The Li2B4O7(110) surface is characterized by a very light mass image potential state and a surface state that falls within the band gap of the projected bulk band structure

Surface charging at the (1 0 0) surface of Cu doped and undoped Li2B4O7

Wehave compared the photovoltaic charging of the (100) surface termination for Cu doped and undoped Li2B4O7. While the surface charging at the (100) surface of Li2B4O7 is significantly greater than observed at (110) surface, the Cu doping plays a role in reducing the surface photovoltage effects. With Cu doping of Li2B4O7, the surface photovoltaic charging is much diminished at the (100) surface. The density of states observed with combined photoemission and inverse photoemission remains similar to that observed for the undoped material, except in the vicinity of the conduction band edge

A comprehensive overview of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

The concept of radioguided surgery, which was first developed some 60 years ago, involves the use of a radiation detection probe system for the intraoperative detection of radionuclides. The use of gamma detection probe technology in radioguided surgery has tremendously expanded and has evolved into what is now considered an established discipline within the practice of surgery, revolutionizing the surgical management of many malignancies, including breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer, as well as the surgical management of parathyroid disease. The impact of radioguided surgery on the surgical management of cancer patients includes providing vital and real-time information to the surgeon regarding the location and extent of disease, as well as regarding the assessment of surgical resection margins. Additionally, it has allowed the surgeon to minimize the surgical invasiveness of many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, while still maintaining maximum benefit to the cancer patient. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the history, technical aspects, and clinical applications of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology