Novel benzydamine hydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate loaded bioadhesive films for local treatment of buccal infections

Benzydamine hydrochloride (BZD), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) or their combination are frequently used as liquid dosage forms for the local treatment of buccal fungal and bacterial infections. However, the short residence time of liquid formulations in the oral cavity and the necessity of frequent applications limit the treatment effectiveness. To this end, CHG and BZD loaded buccal bioadhesive films, which remain at the application site longer than the liquid forms, were developed using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) (2–4%) and chitosan (2–4%). The swelling studies revealed that P1, P3 and P4 films remained without loss of their integrity in the buccal medium for more than 2 h compared to other developed films. Bioadhesion studies performed with a texture analyser showed that P3 (2% chitosan+4% HPMC) yielded the greatest bioadhesion work (0.403 ± 0.027 mJ/cm2). The in vitro drug release from buccal films was evaluated by the paddle over disk method. Ex vivo penetration and permeation studies demonstrated that CHG did not pass through bovine buccal mucosa, whereas 4.82–27.35 μg/cm2 of BZD passed through the mucosa. However, the amount of BZD and CHG accumulated in the mucosa ranged between 127.86 and 190.76 μg/cm2 and 54.09–94.76 μg/cm2, respectively. Additionally, both penetration and antimicrobial activity studies revealed that the buccal films were more effective than the marketed spray product. The obtained data demonstrate that the developed films are promising candidates for the buccal delivery of CHG and BZD

Antibacterial evaluation of elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Lavandula angustifolia mill. and salvia fruticosa mill. essential oil combinations in mouthwash preparations

The aim of this present study was to evalute Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton., Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Salvia fruticosa Mill. essential oils in mouthwashes formulated with different combinations such as 0.1/0.25/0.1; 0.2/0.25/0.1; 0.3/0.1/0.1 in 10 mL (v/v), and their in vitro antibacterial activity performance. The characterization of the main essential oil components was performed by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The antimicrobial evaluation was performed by using the disc diffusion method against human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli NRLL B-3008, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, and Salmonella typhii (clinical isolate), respectively. In the present study, among the tested bacteria S. typhii was the most sensitive, while B. cereus and E. coli were the most resistant pathogens in the applied mouthwash formulations. The essential oil combination containg mouthwash formulations can be used as a functional naturals based cosmetics

Current status of mucoadhesive gel systems for buccal drug delivery

Background: Buccal drug delivery is a fascinating research field. Gel-based formulations present potent characteristics as buccal systems since they have great physicochemical properties. Methods: Among the various gels, in situ gels are viscous colloidal systems consisting of polymers; when physiological conditions change (pH, temperature, ion activation), they are transformed into the gel phase. These systems can improve bioavailability. Other systems, such as nanogels or emulgels can also be applied for buccal delivery with promising results. Polymeric gel-based systems can be produced by natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic polymers. Their main advantage is that the active molecules can be released in a sustained and controllable manner. Several gels based on chitosan are produced for the entrapment of drugs demonstrating efficient retention time and bioavailability due to chitosan mucoadhesion. Besides polysaccharides, poloxamers and carbopol are also used in buccal gels due to their high swelling ability and reversed thermal gelation behavior. Results: Herein, the authors focused on the current development of mucoadhesive gel systems used in buccal drug delivery. After explaining buccal drug delivery and mucoadhesion, various studies with hydrogels, in situ gels, and nanogels were analyzed as buccal gel systems. Various mucoadhesive gel studies with mucoadhesive polymers have been studied and summarized. This review is presented as valuable guidance to scientists in formulating buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Conclusion: This review aimed to assist researchers working on buccal drug delivery by summarizing buccal drug delivery, mucoadhesion, and buccal mucoadhesive gel systems recently found in the literature