Trends in Self-Rated Oral Health and Its Associations with Oral Health Status and Oral Health Behaviors in Japanese University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study from 2011 to 2019

Self-rated oral health (SROH) is a valid, comprehensive indicator of oral health status. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyze how oral health behaviors and clinical oral status were associated with SROH and how they had changed over the course of nine years in Japanese university students. Data were obtained from 17,996 students who underwent oral examinations and completed self-questionnaires from 2011 to 2019. Oral status was assessed using the decayed and filled teeth scores, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth, the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), oral health behaviors, and related factors. SROH improved from 2011 to 2019. The logistic regression model showed that university students who were female and had a high daily frequency of tooth brushing, no BOP, no decayed teeth, no filled teeth, and a low OHI-S score and were significantly more likely to report very good, good, or fair SROH. An interaction effect was observed between survey year and regular dental check-ups (year x regular dental check-ups). The improvement trend in SROH might be associated with changes in oral health behaviors and oral health status

Features of the oral microbiome in Japanese elderly people with 20 or more teeth and a non-severe periodontal condition during periodontal maintenance treatment: A cross-sectional study

Introduction The aim of the present study was to characterize the profile and diversity of the oral microbiome of a periodontally non-severe group with >= 20 teeth in comparison with a severe periodontitis group of elderly Japanese people. Methods A total of 50 patients who had >= 20 teeth and aged >= 60 years were recruited, and 34 participants (13 non-severe participants) were analyzed. After oral rinse (saliva after rinsing) sample collection, the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to investigate microbiome composition, alpha diversity (Shannon index, Simpson index, richness, and evenness), and beta diversity using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances. A linear discriminant analysis effect size was calculated to identify bacterial species in the periodontally non-severe group. Results The periodontally non-severe group showed lower alpha diversity than that of the severe periodontitis group (p Conclusion The oral microbiome in elderly Japanese people with >= 20 teeth and a non-severe periodontal condition was characterized by low alpha diversity and the presence of four bacterial species

Living with Family Is Directly Associated with Regular Dental Checkup and Indirectly Associated with Gingival Status among Japanese University Students: A 3-Year Cohort Study

Although some studies showed that lifestyle was associated with oral health behavior, few studies investigated the association between household type and oral health behavior. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association between household type, oral health behavior, and periodontal status among Japanese university students. Data were obtained from 377 students who received oral examinations and self-questionnaires in 2016 and 2019. We assessed periodontal status using the percentage of bleeding on probing (%BOP), probing pocket depth, oral hygiene status, oral health behaviors, and related factors. We used structural equation modeling to determine the association between household type, oral health behaviors, gingivitis, and periodontitis. At follow-up, 252 students did not live with their families. The mean +/- standard deviation of %BOP was 35.5 +/- 24.7 at baseline and 32.1 +/- 25.3 at follow-up. In the final model, students living with their families were significantly more likely to receive regular dental checkup than those living alone. Regular checkup affected the decrease in calculus. The decrease in calculus affected the decrease in %BOP over 3 years. Living with family was directly associated with regular dental checkups and indirectly contributed to gingival status among Japanese university students

Association between Household Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Dental Caries among Japanese Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

The long-term effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on dental caries among Japanese young adults remain unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether household exposure to SHS is associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults. The study sample included 1905 first-year university students (age range: 18-19 years) who answered a questionnaire and participated in oral examinations. The degree of household exposure to SHS was categorized into four levels according to the SHS duration: no experience (-), past, current SHS = 10 years. Dental caries are expressed as the total number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score. The relationships between SHS and dental caries were determined by logistic regression analysis. DMFT scores (median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)) were significantly higher in the current SHS >= 10 years (median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)) than in the SHS-(median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)); p = 0.001). DMFT >= 1 was significantly associated with SHS >= 10 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.87, p = 10 years) was associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults

クリプトコッカス髄膜炎を発症したCD4リンパ球減少症の２例

　クリプトコッカス感染症はCryptococcus neoformans による真菌感染症であり，免疫不全患者に発症しやすい．今回，我々はCD4リンパ球減少を認め，クリプトコッカス髄膜炎を発症した２例を経験したので報告する．症例１は，40歳代男性で不明熱のため受診した．血液検査でリンパ球930/μL，髄膜刺激症状はなかったが，髄液検査にてクリプトコッカス菌体が検出され，血液培養からも検出された．CD4 72.5/μL と低値であり，HIV 抗体陽性であった．クリプトコッカス髄膜炎を発症したAIDS 患者と診断した．症例２は，20歳代女性で不明熱のため受診した．血液検査でリンパ球510/μL，髄膜刺激症状はなかったが，髄液検査にてクリプトコッカス菌体が検出され，血液培養からも検出された．CD4 19.4/μL と低値であったが，HIV 抗体陰性で原発性免疫不全症や他の免疫不全となる原因は認められなかった．Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia（ICL）に発症したクリプトコッカス髄膜炎と診断した．AIDS とICL がそれぞれ原因となったクリプトコッカス髄膜炎であった．前者での本症併発は2.4 %，後者での併発は19.7 % と報告されている．HIV非感染のクリプトコッカス髄膜炎をみた際にはICL によるCD4リンパ球減少症を考える必要がある．死に至ることもまれではないクリプトコッカス髄膜炎であるが，治療が奏効し１年以上経過しているため報告する．　Cryptococcal infections are fungal infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. This infection develops more commonly in immunocompromised patients. We report two cases of cryptococcal meningitis that developed as a result of CD4 lymphocytopenia. Case 1 was a man in his 40s who presented with a fever of unknown origin. A blood test revealed a lymphocyte count of 930/μL, with no meningeal irritation; however, examination of his cerebrospinal fluid detected cryptococcal bodies, which was also confirmed by blood culture. In addition, the patient had a low CD4 count of 72.5/μL, and was HIV antibodypositive. We thus diagnosed him as an AIDS patient who developed cryptococcal meningitis. Case 2 was a woman in her 20s who also presented with a fever of unknown origin. A blood test revealed a lymphocyte count of 510/μL, with no meningeal irritation; however, examination of her cerebrospinal fluid detected cryptococcal bodies, which was confirmed by blood culture. Despite the patient having a low CD4 count of 19.4/μL, she was HIV antibody-negative, and there was no evidence of primary immunodeficiency or any other causes of immune deficiency. Accordingly, we diagnosed this patient as cryptococcal meningitis that developed as a result of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL). In the above cases, cryptococcal meningitis developed as a result of AIDS and ICL, respectively. The incidence rates of this complication are reported as 2.4% for the former and 19.7% for the latter. When cryptococcal meningitis without HIV infection is observed, it is necessary to consider the possibility of CD4 lymphocytopenia due to ICL. Although cryptococcal meningitis can be fatal, treatment was successful in both cases, and more than one year has elapsed since their initial presentation

リツキシマブ併用ベンダムスチン療法が奏効した腸管monomorphic PTLD

　移植後リンパ増殖性疾患（PTLD）は，造血幹細胞移植後に免疫抑制剤を使用した結果として，Ｔ細胞機能が低下して生じる異常なリンパ球，または形質細胞の増殖で，移植領域において最も致死的で注意を要する合併症の一つである．PTLD は４つのカテゴリーに分類され，その中のmonomorphic PTLD は、悪性リンパ腫の形態を呈する．Monomorphic PTLD の治療には，免疫抑制剤減量，リツキシマブ（Ｒ）単独療法やR-CHOP 療法があるが，予後は不良である．今回，難治性PTLD に対してリツキシマブ併用ベンダムスチン療法が奏効し寛解をえることができた症例を経験したので報告する．症例は50歳代男性で、骨髄異形成症候群に対して臍帯血移植を施行し，GVHD 予防にタクロリムスを使用した．移植後，消化管GVHD を発症し，プレドニゾロンで治療中，monomorphic PTLD（びまん性大細胞型Ｂ細胞リンパ腫）を発症した．免疫抑制剤中止後，リツキシマブ（Ｒ）単独療法，R-CHOP like 療法を施行したが効果不良であった．リツキシマブ併用ベンダムスチン療法に変更し４コース施行後，消化管内視鏡検査で病変は消失し，CT 検査で完全奏効を確認した．治療終了し約１年経過しているが，現在も症状増悪なく経過できており，難治性monomorphic PTLD に対してリツキシマブ併用ベンダムスチン療法が有効であった．Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) occurs as a result of the use of immunosuppressants following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which causes the emergence of abnormal lymphocytes owing to the decline in T-cell function and the proliferation of plasma cells. It is thus one of the most fatal complications and the biggest concern for transplantation cases. PTLD is classified into 4 categories, and monomorphic PTLD takes the form of a malignant lymphoma. Immunosuppressant dose reduction, rituximab (R) monotherapy, and R-CHOP therapy are used to treat monomorphic PTLD, but the prognosis is poor for these forms of treatment. This report describes the experience of a patient with refractory PTLD who went into remission after responding to combination therapy with rituximab and bendamustine. A 50-year-old man underwent cord blood transplantation because of a myelodysplastic syndrome. Tacrolimus was used for GVHD prevention. After transplantation, symptoms of GVHD of the gastrointestinal tract developed, and during treatment using prednisolone, symptoms of monomorphic PTLD (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) emerged. Once immunosuppressant use was discontinued, the patient underwent R monotherapy and R-CHOPlike treatment, but the response was poor. The treatment was then changed to combination therapy with rituximab and bendamustine; after 4 courses of treatment, gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed that the pathological abnormality had disappeared, and a complete response was confirmed. One year has passed since the completion of treatment, and at present, the patient’s symptoms have not worsened, suggesting that combination therapy with rituximab and bendamustine is effective for treating monomorphic PTLD

形態学的に骨髄腫細胞との鑑別に苦慮した plasmacytoid な形態を示した膀胱癌の多発骨転移の１例

　尿路上皮癌には，腫瘍細胞が形質細胞に酷似した形態を呈することがある．今回，形態学的に骨髄腫細胞との鑑別に苦慮したplasmacytoid な形態を示した膀胱癌の骨髄転移の一例を経験したので報告する．　症例は80歳代男性で，20XX 年10月に蛋白尿と腎機能障害が出現し，精査にて多発性骨髄腫（IgG-λ），ISS Ⅱ期と診断され，BD 療法（bortezomib+dexamethasone）を開始した．効果は良好で，３コース施行後にはVGPR（very good partial response）に到達した．20XX ＋１年２月間歇的に認めていた血尿の精査を行い，細胞診や膀胱鏡検査から膀胱癌の併発を確認した．骨髄腫治療は中断し，膀胱癌治療を優先した．PET/CT 検査ではリンパ節やその他臓器への転移は認めず，６月に膀胱全摘術が施行された．術後は経過良好であったため，全身状態の回復を待ち，骨髄腫治療を再開する予定であった．しかし，９月末頃から腰痛が出現し，10月には腰痛の増強を認めたため再度PET/CT 検査を施行したところ，多発する骨髄病変を認めた．骨髄腫の増悪を疑い骨髄検査を施行した．骨髄穿刺塗沫標本では，形質細胞様の異形細胞を多数認め，骨髄腫の増悪を推測させる所見であった．しかし同時に施行された骨髄腫関連検査では，IgG やその他の免疫グロブリンは正常であり，蛋白分画や免疫固定法でもM 蛋白は検出されなかった．骨髄生検の病理組織学的検査の結果，形質細胞様の異形細胞は尿路上皮系の腫瘍細胞であり，膀胱癌の骨転移と診断された．PET/CT 検査での多発骨髄病変は，多発性骨髄腫の増悪ではなく，膀胱癌の多発骨転移であった．　膀胱全摘後の再発は，遠隔転移が20～50% と遠隔転移が多く，遠隔転移部位として骨，リンパ節，肺，肝の順に多いと報告されている．そのため，骨髄塗抹標本検鏡の際，遭遇する可能性があり，骨髄腫細胞と見誤らないためには，免疫染色を含めた組織学的な検討，血清・尿の蛋白解析が必須と考えられた．　Urothelial cancer cells may appear similar to plasma cells. We present a case of plasmacytoid bladder cancer with bone marrow metastasis and difficult morphological differentiation from myeloma. A male in his 80s presented with proteinuria and renal dysfunction in October 20XX. Detailed examination led to a diagnosis of International Staging System Stage II multiple myeloma (IgG-λ), and BD (bortezomib + dexamethasone) therapy was started. Three courses of treatment resulted in a very good partial response. Intermittent hematuria was observed in February 20XX+1, and cytodiagnosis and cystoscopy confirmed bladder cancer. Myeloma treatment was discontinued, and treatment of bladder cancer was prioritized. There was no metastasis to lymph nodes or other organs on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) and cystectomy was performed in June. The postoperative course was good, and myeloma treatment was to resume once the patient had improved. However, in late September, he developed lower back pain that intensified in October. Repeat PET/ CT confirmed multiple bone marrow lesions. Exacerbation of myeloma was suspected. Bone marrow aspiration confirmed multiple plasma cell-like atypical cells, indicating exacerbation of myeloma. However, other myeloma-related tests performed at the same time, including IgG and immunoglobulins, were normal, and M protein was not detected on protein fractionation or immunofixation. Histopathological examination of a bone marrow biopsy showed that plasma cell-like atypical cells were urothelial tumor cells, and bone metastasis from bladder cancer was diagnosed. Multiple bone marrow lesions found on PET/CT were not an exacerbation of multiple myeloma but instead were multiple bone metastases from bladder cancer.　Recurrence following cystectomy has a high prevalence of distant metastasis (20 to 50%), and distant metastasis sites include bones, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver in the order of prevalence. Therefore, bone marrow aspiration and histological examination with immunostaining, in addition to serum and urine protein analysis are essential to prevent confusion with myeloma cells