Liposomes in Biology and Medicine

Drug delivery systems (DDS) have become important tools for the specific delivery of a large number of drug molecules. Since their discovery in the 1960s liposomes were recognized as models to study biological membranes and as versatile DDS of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. Liposomes--nanosized unilamellar phospholipid bilayer vesicles--undoubtedly represent the most extensively studied and advanced drug delivery vehicles. After a long period of research and development efforts, liposome-formulated drugs have now entered the clinics to treat cancer and systemic or local fungal infections, mainly because they are biologically inert and biocompatible and practically do not cause unwanted toxic or antigenic reactions. A novel, up-coming and promising therapy approach for the treatment of solid tumors is the depletion of macrophages, particularly tumor associated macrophages with bisphosphonate-containing liposomes. In the advent of the use of genetic material as therapeutic molecules the development of delivery systems to target such novel drug molecules to cells or to target organs becomes increasingly important. Liposomes, in particular lipid-DNA complexes termed lipoplexes, compete successfully with viral gene transfection systems in this field of application. Future DDS will mostly be based on protein, peptide and DNA therapeutics and their next generation analogs and derivatives. Due to their versatility and vast body of known properties liposome-based formulations will continue to occupy a leading role among the large selection of emerging DDS

Mapeamento das áreas de cana-de-açúcar na região norte fluminense - RJ por uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto Mapping of sugarcane areas in the north fluminense region, RJ using remote sensing techniques

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a dinâmica da ocupação do uso do solo cultivado com a cultura da cana-de-açúcar nos seis principais municípios produtores da região Norte Fluminense - RJ, entre o período de 1984 a 2007. Foram utilizadas 18 imagens do sensor TM-Landsat, técnicas de interpretação visual e de Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME), para gerar mapas temáticos das áreas ocupadas com a cultura. Com base nesses mapas, foi possível analisar a espacialização das áreas de cana e quantificá-las em cada município. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, entre os anos de 2004 a 2007, ocorreu um decremento total na área ocupada com a cultura, em 43.308,33 ha. A partir do ano de 2000 até 2007, houve um incremento de 24.422,72 ha, principalmente nos municípios de Campos dos Goytacazes, São Francisco de Itabapoana e Cardoso Moreira. Os resultados indicam que o uso do MLME permitiu um mapeamento mais exato das áreas ocupadas com cana-de-açúcar.<br>This study aimed to evaluate sugarcane growth dynamics occupation in land cultivated at six major cities of the North Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, from 1984 to 2007. Eighteen images of Landsat TM sensor, visual interpretation and linear spectral mixing model (MLME) were used to generate thematic maps of sugar cane plantation spatial distribution and quantification. Based on these maps was possible to analyze the sugarcane field spatial distribution quantifying them in each municipality. The results indicated that between the years 2004 to 2007, there was a decrement in the total area occupied by the culture in 43,308.33 ha and, from 2000 to 2007 and increase of 24,422.72 ha, mainly in the Campos dos Goytacazes, São Francisco de Itabapoana and Cardoso Moreira municipalities. The MLME used allowed a real live mapping of the sugarcane areas