Concept of producing of the Russian national system of functional food

Statistics show negative forecasts of the demographic indicators of the Russian population including their size and health. The human habitat which has been deteriorating in recent decades causes cardinal changes in the assortment and variety of food and significantly contributes to the reduction of their biological value. The depletion of food products (FP) of vegetable and animal origin in vital mineral elements, vitamins and other physiologically active components represents a serious long-term threat to human health and the national security. Industrial methods of enriching FP have certain limitations: a narrow set of micronutrients, their interaction among themselves and accessibility for not all groups of the population. One way to reduce the negative consequences is through the introduction and breeding of new for Russia species and varieties of agricultural plants and organize a mass production of functional foods (FF) that contribute to the prevention and/or suspension of the development of dangerous diseases and slowing down the aging process. The solution of this multifaceted problem lies in changing the consumption structure of foods and their chemical composition conditioned by both the assortment of grown plant species and cultivars of food plants, as well as the composition and quality of soils, fertilizers and the conditions for crop cultivation. Taking into account the prevailing demographic situation in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to create a comprehensive national program for the allocation of new high-content sources of FF ingredients based on traditional and underutilized crops, cultivars and forms of cereal, vegetable and fruit crops and their inclusion in agricultural production as well as existing and newly created technological processes in food industry. The advantages of creating and developing a national system of the functional food in Russia will be: the improvement of public health and life expectancy, the reduction of the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund expenditures and the development of business structures involved in the production of the FF

ХАУТТЮЙНИЯ (HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA THUNB.) – НОВАЯ ДЛЯ РОССИИ ОВОЩНАЯ И ЛЕКАРСТВЕННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА (МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ)

Taking into account the importance of Hauttuynia cordata as a vegetable and medicinal plant in the South-East Asia, and the possibility of its cultivation in a temperate climate, the morphological and biochemical features of the plants belonging to ‘common’ and ‘variegated’ forms were studied in conditions of a greenhouse. We used a peat as a sub-strate for growing plants. The content of macroand microelements in rhizomes and leaves was estimated with use of the synchrotron radiation induced X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-XRF). During three months of cultivation, the total phytomass of ‘common form’ increased from 4.7 ± 0.84 g to 30.3 ± 8.00 g, i.е. in 6.4 times, while in rhizomes it reached 51-56% out of the total phytomass. The size of the leaves of ‘variegated form’ was 15 29% less, as com-pared with the ‘usual form’. The height of the plants was 25.9 ± 0.98 cm in the ‘usual’ and 29.0 ± 0.62 cm in the ‘variegated’ form, the length and width of the leaf blade were 6.6 ± 0.26 x 5.9 ± 0.25 and 4.70 ± 5.00 x 4.90 ± 5.50 cm, respectively. Plants of the ‘common’ form formed api-cal, elongated, dense, ctenopod spine inflorescence with flowers lacking perianth, with three stamens and 3-4 fused carpal forms forming syncarpous gynoecium. ‘Variegated’ form did not form any inflorescences. H.cordata leaves con-tain 35, 6 mg% ascorbic acid, rhizomes ‒ 14.2 mg%. Leaves of H.cordata mainly accumulated Mn, Fe and Cu, and the roots ‒ Fe, Co, Cu and Zn. It is necessary to carry out the further study on new promising functional food.Учитывая важное значение, придаваемое хауттюйнии Hauttuynia cordata Thunb. в качестве овощного и лекарственного растения в странах юго-восточной Азии, а также возможности его выращивания в условиях умеренного климата, исследовали в условиях теплицы ФБГНУ ЦСБС СО РАН, г. Новосибирск (54°49′33″ с. ш. 83°06′34″ в. д.) морфологические и биохимические признаки растений двух форм (обычной и вариегатной) вида. В качестве субстрата использовали верховой торф. Содержание в корневищах и листьях макрои микроэлементов определяли методом РФА-СИ. За три месяца выращивания фитомасса растений обычной формы уве-личилась с 4,7±0,84 г до 30,3±8,00 г, т.е. в 6,4 раза, при этом на долю корневищ приходилось 51-56% от общей фитомас-сы. Размер листьев вариегатной формы оказался на 15-29% меньше, по сравнению с обычной формой. Высота растений была 25,9±0,98 см у обычной и 29,0±0,62 см – у вариегатной формы; длина и ширина листа, соответственно, 6,6±0,26 х 5,9±0,25 и 4,70±0,19 х 4,90±0,17 см. Растения обычной формы формировали верхушечное, продолговатое, плотное, початковидно-колосовидное соцветие с цветками, лишенными околоцветника, с тремя тычинками и 3-4 сросшимися плодолистиками,              образующими синкарпный     гинецей. Вариегатная форма соцветий не образовывала. В листьях H.cordata накапливается 35,6 мг/% аскорбиновой кислоты, в корневищах – 14,2 мг/%. В наибольшей степени листья H.cordata концентрируют Mn, Fe и Cu, а корни – Fe, Co, Cu и Zn. Необходимо дальнейшее изучение этого растения и c целью позиционирования его в качестве перспективного функционального продукта питания

МАКРО И МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ ВИГНЫ, КИВАНО, МОМОРДИКИ И БЕНИНКАЗЫ ПРИ ТЕПЛИЧНОМ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ

The content of macro- (C, N, P, S) and micro-elements, as well as some metals was analyzed in fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of vigna, kiwano, bitter melon, and wax gourd growing in the condition of unheated  polyethylene-covered greenhouse  in Novosibirsk (Russia). The revealed low concentration of sulfur and big atomic ratio of nitrogen to sulfur in plant phytomass is the result of insufficient macro-elements supply from fertilizers and peatsubstrates. The kiwano fruits are characterized by high concentration of K , Ca, Mg , Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni and therefore is worth introducing this culture in Russia.Проведена оценка макро  (C, N, P, S) и микроэлементного состава различных компонентов фитомассы новых  для России  овощных культур (вигны,  кивано, момордики и бенинказы), выращенных в условиях необогреваемой пленочной теплицы ЦСБС СО РАН, г. Новосибирск. Выявленные низкая концентрация серы  и широкое атомное соотношение  азота к сере  в фитомассе  овощных культур свидетельствует о недостаточном снабжении растений этим макроэлементом за  счет  удобрений и торфосубстратов. Плоды кивано отличаются повышенным содержанием K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu и Ni и являются ценным источником этих элементов, заслуживающим усилий  по распространению культуры в нашей стране

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОРФОЛОГИИ, БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА И ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА КИТАЙСКОЙ БРОККОЛИ – НОВОЙ ДЛЯ РОССИИ ОВОЩНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

The results of estimation of growth and development parameters, SSR analysis, electron microscopic examination of the surface of pollen and seeds, biochemical composition (ascorbic acid, carotenoids, carotenes, macro- and microelements content in the stem part of plant) of 8 Chinese broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra samples grown in the unheated greenhouse of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk (54°49′33″ N, 83°06′34″ E) and phy- totron of N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) have been presented. Through the study, the large surface cellularity of B.oleracea var. alboglabra (cv. “Siji Xianggu jie lan” [“SX”]) seeds was similar with seed coat surface of B.oleraceae var. capitata f. alba cv. "Slava". A scanning electron microscopic study of Chinese broccoli pollen (cv. “SX”) revealed the formation of colpate pollen with ellipsoidal shape with a size of 32.9 ± 0.76 x 17.8 ± 0.42 μm, characterized by foveolate ornamentation with a length-to-diameter ratio – 1.85.The duration of the period from emergence stage to thickening of a stalk and flower-bud formation of cv. “SX” continued for 49-54 days. Сlose correlation was established between the largest diameter of the stem and the length of the leaf petiole (r=0,87, p < 0,001) and between the length of the leaf petiole and the weight of the stem (r=0,77, p < 0,001). As a result of molecular screening of Chinese broccoli using 5 SSR markers (Na10D09, Ol12F02, Ra2E12, BC 7 и BC 65) the greatest polymorphism was in the test with the BC 7 marker - five alleles from 160 to 295 bp in size. In the “SX” variety single flowering (10%) occurred on 59 ... 63 day and mass flowering (75%) – on 65 ... 68 day. The stem part of B. oleracea var. alboglabra is a fairly good source of vitamin C, accumulating as much as 32-46 mg/100 g, and also increased concentration of K, Ca, Mg and Cu. At the end of the season the fruits, together with the phytomass of stems are well-seasoned for 3-4 weeks forming viable seeds with germination above 85% corresponding to the Russian state standard (GOST 32592-2013) for white cabbage seeds. Приведены результаты оценки параметров роста и развития, SSR анализа, электронно-микроскопического исследования поверхности пыльцы и семян, биохимического состава, содержания макро- и микроэлементов в стеблевой части растений 8 образцов китайской брокколи Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, выращенных в условиях необогреваемой пленочной теплицы ЦСБС СО РАН, г. Новосибирск (54°49′33″ с.ш. 83°06′34″ в.д.) и фитотрона. При исследовании поверхности семенной кожуры (спермодермы) семян видов рода Brassica L. установлено сходство крупной ячеистости поверхности семян B.oleracea var. alboglabra (сортобразец “Siji Xianggu jie lan” (“SX”) с семенами B.oleraceae var. сapitata f. alba, сv. Слава. При электронно-микроскопическом исследовании пыльцы китайской брокколи (“SX”) отмечено формирование в пыльниках кольпатной пыльцы эллипсоидного очертания, размером 32,9±0,76 х 17,8±0,42 мкм, характеризующейся фовеолятной орнаментацией, с соотношением длины к диаметру 1,85. Продолжительность периода от всходов до технической спелости, характеризующейся утолщением стебля китайской брокколи (“SX”) и переходом растений к бутонизации, продолжался 49-54 суток. Установлена тесная корреляционная связь между наибольшим диаметром стебля и длиной черешка листа (r=0,87, p < 0,001), а также между длиной черешка листа и массой товарной части стебля (r=0,77, p < 0,001). В результате молекулярно-генетического скрининга 5 SSR маркерами (Na10D09, Ol12F02, Ra2E12, BC 7 и BC 65) наибольший полиморфизм был при скринировании исследуемого материала маркером BC 7 – пять аллелей размером от 160 до 295 п.н. У образца “SX” цветение единичное (10%) наступало на 59-63 сутки, массовое цветение (75%) – на 65-68 сутки. Стеблевая часть B. oleracea var. alboglabra является достаточно хорошим источником витамина С, накапливая 32-46 мг%, также отличаясь повышенной концентрацией K, Ca, Mg и Сu. В конце сезона плоды вместе со срезанной фитомассой стеблей в течение 3-4 недель хорошо дозариваются, формируя полноценные семена со всхожестью выше 85%, соответствуя стандарту (ГОСТ 32592-2013) для семян капусты белокочанной

РОСТ И ПРОДУКЦИЯ КИВАНО В УСЛОВИЯХ ОТКРЫТОГО ГРУНТА НА ЮГЕ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

Kiwano plants, or horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey ex Naudin) was grown in the open field in several experimental plots in the south of West Siberia (54,95025 N, 83,09763 E). Fruits production was correlated with night air temperature sum and soil organic matter content, reaching the maximum of 2.7 kg (fresh phytomass) per plant. Fruit size and some basic juice characteristics were similar to those of kiwano fruits grown elsewhere in the world. The vegetative phytomass grown was correlated with day air temperature sum, being practically independent of soil chemical properties. Thus kiwano can be recommended as a crop to be grown in the open field in the south of West Siberia and other regions of Russia with similar soil and environmental conditions.Растения кивано (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey ex Naudin) выращивали в условиях открытого грунта в мелкоделяночном опыте на юге Западной Сибири (54,95025 с.ш., 83,09763 в.д.). Продуктивность растений была связана с суммой ночных температур воздуха и содержанием органического вещества в почве, достигнув максимальной величины 2,7 кг сырой массы с одного растения. Размеры плодов и основные химические свойства сока из них были близки к таковым, выращенных в других регионах мира. Развитие вегетативной фитомассы растений кивано было связано с суммой дневных температур воздуха за период вегетации и практически не зависело от агрохимических свойств почвы. Кивано можно с уверенностью рекомендовать для выращивания в условиях открытого грунта на юге Западной Сибири и других регионов страны со схожими почвенно-экологическими условиями

HOUTTUYNIA (HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA THUNB.) – NEW VEGETABLE AND MEDICINAL CROP FOR RUSSIA (MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION)

Taking into account the importance of Hauttuynia cordata as a vegetable and medicinal plant in the South-East Asia, and the possibility of its cultivation in a temperate climate, the morphological and biochemical features of the plants belonging to ‘common’ and ‘variegated’ forms were studied in conditions of a greenhouse. We used a peat as a sub-strate for growing plants. The content of macroand microelements in rhizomes and leaves was estimated with use of the synchrotron radiation induced X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-XRF). During three months of cultivation, the total phytomass of ‘common form’ increased from 4.7 ± 0.84 g to 30.3 ± 8.00 g, i.е. in 6.4 times, while in rhizomes it reached 51-56% out of the total phytomass. The size of the leaves of ‘variegated form’ was 15 29% less, as com-pared with the ‘usual form’. The height of the plants was 25.9 ± 0.98 cm in the ‘usual’ and 29.0 ± 0.62 cm in the ‘variegated’ form, the length and width of the leaf blade were 6.6 ± 0.26 x 5.9 ± 0.25 and 4.70 ± 5.00 x 4.90 ± 5.50 cm, respectively. Plants of the ‘common’ form formed api-cal, elongated, dense, ctenopod spine inflorescence with flowers lacking perianth, with three stamens and 3-4 fused carpal forms forming syncarpous gynoecium. ‘Variegated’ form did not form any inflorescences. H.cordata leaves con-tain 35, 6 mg% ascorbic acid, rhizomes ‒ 14.2 mg%. Leaves of H.cordata mainly accumulated Mn, Fe and Cu, and the roots ‒ Fe, Co, Cu and Zn. It is necessary to carry out the further study on new promising functional food

Survey of antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments in the newly introduced crops of Russia: Benincasa hispida, vigna unguiculata, cucumis metuliferus and momordica charantia

Introduction of new vegetable crops and extending newer assortments are important tasks of breeding programs to provide food to the growing population. Introduced crops have shown adaptability to the growing conditions but, also need to be rich in low-molecular metabolites with antioxidant activity. Hence, the goal of this study was to investigate the content of pigments and antioxidants. Several varieties of Benincasa hispida, Vigna unguiculata, Cucumis metuliferus and Momordica charantia were cultivated during 2018 under glasshouse conditions at Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk region and simultaneously under field and glasshouse conditions in the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow region. Results showed that Momordica charantia had a high content of photosynthetic pigments with antioxidant activity and total antioxidant status, particularly grown under field condition. Samples of Cucumis metuliferus also showed a high total antioxidant and chlorophyll content. Thus, due to their high content in antioxidants and other metabolites, these introduced vegetables should be considered among the main crops to develop functional foods. © 2020, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

CONTENT OF MACROU AND MICROUELEMENTS OF VIGNA, KIWANO, BITTER MELON, AND WAX GOURD IN GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION

The content of macro- (C, N, P, S) and micro-elements, as well as some metals was analyzed in fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of vigna, kiwano, bitter melon, and wax gourd growing in the condition of unheated  polyethylene-covered greenhouse  in Novosibirsk (Russia). The revealed low concentration of sulfur and big atomic ratio of nitrogen to sulfur in plant phytomass is the result of insufficient macro-elements supply from fertilizers and peatsubstrates. The kiwano fruits are characterized by high concentration of K , Ca, Mg , Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni and therefore is worth introducing this culture in Russia

RESULTS OF SSR ANALYSIS, PROPERTIES OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHINESE BROCCOLI – A NEW VEGETABLE CROP FOR RUSSIA

The results of estimation of growth and development parameters, SSR analysis, electron microscopic examination of the surface of pollen and seeds, biochemical composition (ascorbic acid, carotenoids, carotenes, macro- and microelements content in the stem part of plant) of 8 Chinese broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra samples grown in the unheated greenhouse of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk (54°49′33″ N, 83°06′34″ E) and phy- totron of N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) have been presented. Through the study, the large surface cellularity of B.oleracea var. alboglabra (cv. “Siji Xianggu jie lan” [“SX”]) seeds was similar with seed coat surface of B.oleraceae var. capitata f. alba cv. "Slava". A scanning electron microscopic study of Chinese broccoli pollen (cv. “SX”) revealed the formation of colpate pollen with ellipsoidal shape with a size of 32.9 ± 0.76 x 17.8 ± 0.42 μm, characterized by foveolate ornamentation with a length-to-diameter ratio – 1.85.The duration of the period from emergence stage to thickening of a stalk and flower-bud formation of cv. “SX” continued for 49-54 days. Сlose correlation was established between the largest diameter of the stem and the length of the leaf petiole (r=0,87, p < 0,001) and between the length of the leaf petiole and the weight of the stem (r=0,77, p < 0,001). As a result of molecular screening of Chinese broccoli using 5 SSR markers (Na10D09, Ol12F02, Ra2E12, BC 7 и BC 65) the greatest polymorphism was in the test with the BC 7 marker - five alleles from 160 to 295 bp in size. In the “SX” variety single flowering (10%) occurred on 59 ... 63 day and mass flowering (75%) – on 65 ... 68 day. The stem part of B. oleracea var. alboglabra is a fairly good source of vitamin C, accumulating as much as 32-46 mg/100 g, and also increased concentration of K, Ca, Mg and Cu. At the end of the season the fruits, together with the phytomass of stems are well-seasoned for 3-4 weeks forming viable seeds with germination above 85% corresponding to the Russian state standard (GOST 32592-2013) for white cabbage seeds

GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF KIWANO IN THE OPEN FIELD IN THE SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Kiwano plants, or horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey ex Naudin) was grown in the open field in several experimental plots in the south of West Siberia (54,95025 N, 83,09763 E). Fruits production was correlated with night air temperature sum and soil organic matter content, reaching the maximum of 2.7 kg (fresh phytomass) per plant. Fruit size and some basic juice characteristics were similar to those of kiwano fruits grown elsewhere in the world. The vegetative phytomass grown was correlated with day air temperature sum, being practically independent of soil chemical properties. Thus kiwano can be recommended as a crop to be grown in the open field in the south of West Siberia and other regions of Russia with similar soil and environmental conditions