Managing academic mobility as a tool of «soft power» in contemporary China

The paper deals with the phenomenon of academic mobility in the context of internationalization of higher education in modern China. It focuses on such problems as specificity of Chinese approach to internationalization of higher education and functioning of academic mobility in the context of transformation of international educational space. It is shown that the image of the future educated China is based on the traditional project of “Great Unity” society (Datong society in Confucian concept of social ideal). At the same time the idea of a united humanity is not exceptionally Chinese, but has deep historical roots and a universal nature. Cautious about the supranational extrapolation of this idea, modern China is nevertheless expanding international cooperation and strengthening cross-national contacts, using cross-border academic mobility as one of its “soft power” tools

ЭТИОЛОГИЯ, ПАТОГЕНЕЗ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА СПАЕЧНОГО ПРОЦЕССА

Here we review the recent literature on adhesive disease, a common complication of surgery. In particular, we focus on drug-eluting electrospun adhesion barriers fabricated of biodegradable polymers. This can be a promising approach for the development of novel adhesion barriers.В обзоре представлена актуальная тема, связанная с риском образования спаек в послеоперационном периоде. Рассмотрены и описаны аспекты патогенеза спаечного процесса, а также связанных с ним факторов риска, освещены методы профилактики. Отдельно отмечен метод электроспиннинга, позволяющий создавать противоспаечные барьеры на основе биодеградируемых полимеров с добавлением лекарственного вещества, что является перспективным направлением в создании мембран для предотвращения спаечного процесса

Structural features of the process of formation of neutrophilic granulocytes networks extracellular DNA at a meeting with larynx carcinoma tumor cells

Neutrophilic granulocytesas a permanent structure in the tumor microenvironment play an ambiguous role in oncogenesis. In response to microbial and non-microbial stimuli neutrophils actively formed in the extracellular space net-like structures composed of nucleic acids and enzymes-neutrophil extracellular trap. We have observed that in tumor tissue near the larynx carcinoma tumor cells spread diffusely and clusters of extracellular DNA.Нейтрофильные гранулоциты, являясь постоянной структурой в микроокружении опухолей, играют неоднозначную роль в онкогенезе. В ответ на микробные и немикробные стимулы нейтрофилы активно формируют во внеклеточном пространстве сетеподобные структуры, состоящие из нуклеиновых кислот и ферментов - нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки. Нами было замечено, что в ткани опухоли карциномы гортани рядом с опухолевыми клетками диффузно и скоплениями распределяется внеклеточная ДНК

View on the role of neutrophiles extracellular DNA as a component of the microenvironment of tumor in the process of carcinogenesis

One of the important features of malignant neoplasms is their Autonomous growth, adjustable locally produced by factors which include the factors of «microenvironment» tumors, produced by tumor cells and cells in the stroma. Neutrophil granulocytes, being a permanent structure in the palette of the «microenvironment» tumors play a different role in oncogenes. In response to microbial and anmikrobial incentives neutrophils actively shape in the extracellular space setuptable structure consisting of nucleic acids and enzymes - neutrophil extracellular nets. It was noticed, that in the tumor tissue, breast carcinoma near the tumor cells is diffuse and clusters distributed free cell DNA.Одной из важных особенностей злокачественных новообразований является их автономный рост, регулируемый локально продуцируемыми факторами, к которым относят «факторы микроокружения» опухолей, продуцируемые как самими опухолевыми клетками, так и клетками окружающей их стромы. Нейтрофильные гранулоциты, являясь постоянной структурой в «палитре микроокружения» опухолей, играют неоднозначную роль в онкогенезе. В ответ на микробные и немикробные стимулы нейтрофилы активно формируют во внеклеточном пространстве сетеподобные структуры, состоящие из нуклеиновых кислот и ферментов - нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки. Нами было замечено, что в ткани опухоли карциномы молочной железы рядом с опухолевыми клетками диффузно и скоплениями распределяется внеклеточная ДНК

The process of forming autological neutrophil extracellular networks dna at a meeting with the tumor cells of breast carcinoma association with tumor grade and receptor status of a tumor

Tumor microenvironment is an important component of tumor progression. Breast cancer is currently the most common malignancy in women. Neutrophilic granulocytes, as a permanent structure in the 'palette microenvironment' tumors, play a different role in oncogenesis. The aim of the study was to compare the formation of networks of extracellular DNA autologous neutrophils in around cancer area and intratumoral areas in invasive breast carcinomas nonspecific type luminal A and luminal В type HER2 negative. With a change in the phenotype of carcinomas and malignancy of luminal A type to В type luminal determined by reducing the amount of extracellular DNA chains formed by the neutrophils as the exposed, twining and tumor cells, and preferably the latter.Микроокружение опухоли является важным компонентом опухолевой прогрессии. Рак молочной железы сегодня является самой распространенной злокачественной опухолью у женщин. Нейтрофильные гранулоциты, являясь постоянной структурой в «палитре микроокружения» опухолей, играют неоднозначную роль в онкогенезе. Целью исследования явилось сравнение образования сетей внеклеточной ДНК аутологичными нейтрофилами микроокружения в параканкрозной и интратуморальной зонах в инвазивных карциномах молочной железы неспецифического типа люминального типа А и люминального типа В HER2 негативного. С изменением злокачественности и фенотипа карциномы от люминального типа А к люминальному типу В определяется уменьшение количества внеклеточных сетей ДНК, сформированных нейтрофилами, как свободнолежащих, так и оплетающих опухолевые клетки, причем преимущественно последних

Induction of Membrane Ceramides: A Novel Strategy to Interfere with T Lymphocyte Cytoskeletal Reorganisation in Viral Immunosuppression

Silencing of T cell activation and function is a highly efficient strategy of immunosuppression induced by pathogens. By promoting formation of membrane microdomains essential for clustering of receptors and signalling platforms in the plasma membrane, ceramides accumulating as a result of membrane sphingomyelin breakdown are not only essential for assembly of signalling complexes and pathogen entry, but also act as signalling modulators, e. g. by regulating relay of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling. Their role in T lymphocyte functions has not been addressed as yet. We now show that measles virus (MV), which interacts with the surface of T cells and thereby efficiently interferes with stimulated dynamic reorganisation of their actin cytoskeleton, causes ceramide accumulation in human T cells in a neutral (NSM) and acid (ASM) sphingomyelinase–dependent manner. Ceramides induced by MV, but also bacterial sphingomyelinase, efficiently interfered with formation of membrane protrusions and T cell spreading and front/rear polarisation in response to β1 integrin ligation or αCD3/CD28 activation, and this was rescued upon pharmacological or genetic ablation of ASM/NSM activity. Moreover, membrane ceramide accumulation downmodulated chemokine-induced T cell motility on fibronectin. Altogether, these findings highlight an as yet unrecognised concept of pathogens able to cause membrane ceramide accumulation to target essential processes in T cell activation and function by preventing stimulated actin cytoskeletal dynamics

Coping strategies in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients using insulin: the relationship with emotional well-being and glycaemic control

Background. Over the long disease course of diabetes mellitus (DM), with its demands in terms of everyday self-management of the disease, individual psychological characteristics may be associated with both emotional well-being (WB) and glycaemic control. The former includes various types of coping strategies (CSs) of the patients, which comprise the common ways for patients to overcome difficult situations. Aim. To study the relationships between CS and both glycaemic control and emotional WB in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with insulin. Materials and methods. The study included 84 patients with T1D and 56 patients with insulin-treated T2D [age, 22.5 ± 3.3 and 61.0 ± 8.9 years; men/women, 29/55 and 11/45; duration of DM, 11.9 ± 5.36 and 11.6 ± 6.2 years and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), 9.1% ± 2.2% and 9.0% ± 1.4%, respectively]. The HbA1c levels were determined in all patients. The Strategic Approach to Coping Scale constructed by S. Hobfoll was used to study CS, and emotional WB was assessed based on the severity of anxiety and depression. Further, we used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory developed by C.D. Spielberger and adapted by Y.L. Khanin and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Only Russian validated versions of the questionnaires were used in the study. Results. In both groups of patients, ‘Assertive (Persistent) Actions’ was positively associated with emotional WB. In patients with T2D, WB increases when using ‘Cautious Action’ and ‘Social Joining’. The deterioration of emotional WB was associated with ‘Aggressive Actions’ in both groups of patients. In patients with T1D, negative WB was also associated with ‘Avoidance’, while in patients with T2D, negative WB was associated with ‘Instinctive Actions’. In patients with T1D, ‘Instinctive Action’ was associated with higher HbA1c levels. In patients with T2D, ‘Cautious Action’, ‘Avoidance’ and ‘Antisocial Action’ were associated with lower HbA1c levels. Conclusion. In patients with T1D and T2D, CSs are associated with both emotional WB and glycaemic control. Emotional WB and lower HbA1c levels are associated with ‘Assertive Action’, ‘Cautious Action’, ‘Avoidance’ and ‘Asocial Action’. Negative WB and higher HbA1c levels are associated with ‘Aggressive Action’ and ‘Instinctive Action’