889 research outputs found
Probing gluon helicity distribution and quark transversity through hyperon polarization in singly polarized pp collisions
We study the polarization of hyperon in different processes in singly
polarized collisions, in particular its relation to the polarized parton
distributions. We show that by measuring hyperon polarization in particularly
chosen processes, one can extract useful information on these parton
distributions. We show in particular that, by measuring the
polarization in high direct photon production process, one can extract
information on the gluon helicity distribution; and by measuring the transverse
polarization of hyeprons with high in singly polarized reactions, one can
obtain useful information on the transversity distribution. We present the
numerical results obtained for those hyperon polarizations using different
models for parton distribution function and those for the spin transfer in
fragmentation processes.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
A knowledge-guided active model method of skull segmentation on T1-weighted MR images
Skull is the anatomic landmark for patient set up of head radiation therapy. Skull is generally segmented from CT images because CT provides better definition of skull than MR imaging. In the mean time, radiation therapy is planned on MR images for soft tissue information. This study utilized a knowledge-guided active model (KAM) method to segmented skull on MR images in order to enable radiation therapy planning with MR images as the primary planning dataset. KAM utilized age-specific skull mesh models that segmented from CT images using a conditional region growing algorithm. Skull models were transformed to given MR images using an affine registration algorithm based on normalized mutual information. The transformed mesh models actively located skull boundaries by minimizing their total energy. The preliminary validation was performed on MR and CT images from five patients. The KAM segmented skulls were compared with those segmented from CT images. The average image similarity (kappa index) was 0.57. The initial validation showed that it was promising to segment skulls directly on MR images using KAM
X-ray triple rings around the M87 jets in the central Virgo cluster
The Chandra X-ray data of the central Virgo cluster are re-examined to reveal
a triple-ring structure around the galaxy M87, reminiscent of the spectacular
triple-ring pattern of the SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). In the
sky plane, the two apparent smaller ellipses are roughly aligned along the M87
jets; the larger ring centers at the M87 nucleus and is likely a circle roughly
perpendicular to the M87 jet. Certain similarities of these two triple-ring
structures might hint at similar processes that operate in these two systems
with entirely different sizes and mass scales. We suspect that a major merging
event of two galaxies with nuclear supermassive black holes (SMBHs) might
create such a triple-ring structure and drove acoustic and internal gravity
waves far and near. The M87 jets are perhaps powered by a spinning SMBH
resulting from this catastrophic merging event.Comment: accepted by ApJ
Fabrication and Properties of Ag-nanoparticles Embedded Amorphous Carbon Nanowire/CNT Heterostructures
Carbon nanotubes were subjected to doping with an energetic Ag ion beam, and the carbon nanotubes on the top of the array were transformed into amorphous carbon nanowires with embedded Ag-nanoparticles. The field emission characteristics of these nanowires were investigated. The minimum turn-on and threshold fields were 0.68 and 1.09 V/μm, respectively, which were lower than those of the as-grown carbon nanotubes. This was probably because Ag-nanoparticles embedded in the carbon nanowires reduced the effective work function from 4.59 to 4.23 eV. Large doping amounts produced serious structural damage at the top of the nanowires and impaired the field emission characteristics
Calculation of the Chiral Lagrangian Coefficients from the Underlying Theory of QCD: A Simple Approach
We calculate the coefficients in the chiral Lagrangian approximately from QCD
based on a previous study of deriving the chiral Lagrangian from the first
principles of QCD in which the chiral Lagrangian coefficients are defined in
terms of certain Green's functions in QCD. We first show that, in the large
N(c)-limit, the anomaly part contributions to the coefficients are exactly
cancelled by certain terms in the normal part contributions, and the final
results of the coefficients only concern the remaining normal part
contributions depending on QCD interactions. We then do the calculation in a
simple approach with the approximations of taking the large-N(c) limit, the
leading order in dynamical perturbation theory, and the improved ladder
approximation, thereby the relevant Green's functions are expressed in terms of
the quark self energy. By solving the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the quark
self energy, we obtain the approximate QCD predicted coefficients and the quark
condensate which are consistent with the experimental values.Comment: Further typos corrected, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Spin alignment of vector meson in e+e- annihilation at Z0 pole
We calculate the spin density matrix of the vector meson produced in e+e-
annihilation at Z^0 pole. We show that the data imply a significant
polarization for the antiquark which is created in the fragmentation process of
the polarized initial quark and combines with the fragmenting quark to form the
vector meson. The direction of polarization is opposite to that of the
fragmenting quark and the magnitude is of the order of 0.5. A qualitative
explanation of this result based on the LUND string fragmentation model is
given.Comment: 15 pages, 2 fgiures; submitted to Phys. Rev.
Non-Equilibrium Field Dynamics of an Honest Holographic Superconductor
Most holographic models of superconducting systems neglect the effects of
dynamical boundary gauge fields during the process of spontaneous
symmetry-breaking. Usually a global symmetry gets broken. This yields a
superfluid, which then is gauged "weakly" afterwards. In this work we build
(and probe the dynamics of) a holographic model in which a local boundary
symmetry is spontaneously broken instead. We compute two-point functions of
dynamical non-Abelian gauge fields in the normal and in the broken phase, and
find non-trivial gapless modes. Our AdS3 gravity dual realizes a p-wave
superconductor in (1+1) dimensions. The ground state of this model also breaks
(1+1)-dimensional parity spontaneously, while the Hamiltonian is
parity-invariant. We discuss possible implications of our results for a wider
class of holographic liquids.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures; v3: string theory derivation of setup added
(section 3.1), improved presentation, version accepted by JHEP; v2: paragraph
added to discussion, figure added, references added, typos correcte
The Hidden Nematic Fluctuations in the Triclinic (Ca0.85La0.15)10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 Superconductor Revealed by Ultrafast Optical Spectroscopy
We reported the quasiparticle relaxation dynamics of an optimally doped
triclinic iron-based superconductor
(CaLa)(PtAs)(FeAs) with bulk
= 30 K using polarized ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy. Our results
reveal anisotropic transient reflectivity induced by nematic fluctuations
develops below 120 K and persists in the superconducting
states. Measurements under high pump fluence reveal three distinct, coherent
phonon modes at frequencies of 1.6, 3.5, and 4.7 THz, corresponding to
, , and modes, respectively. The high-frequency
mode corresponds to the -axis polarized vibrations of FeAs
planes with a nominal electron-phonon coupling constant
0.139 0.02. Our findings suggest that the superconductivity and
nematic state are compatible but competitive at low temperatures, and the
phonons play an important role in the formation of Cooper pairs in
(CaLa)(PtAs)(FeAs).Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures and Supplemental Material
Exfoliation of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanosheets of Metal Diborides
Metal diborides are a class of ceramic materials with crystal structures consisting of hexagonal sheets of boron atoms alternating with planes of metal atoms held together with mixed character ionic/covalent bonds. Many of the metal diborides are ultrahigh-temperature ceramics such as HfB2, TaB2, and ZrB2, which have melting points above 3000 °C, high mechanical hardness and strength at high temperatures, and high chemical resistance, while MgB2 is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 39 K. Here, we demonstrate that this diverse family of non-van der Waals (vdW) materials can be processed into stable dispersions of quasi-two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets using ultrasonication-assisted exfoliation. We generate quasi-2D nanosheets of the metal diborides AlB2, CrB2, HfB2, MgB2, NbB2, TaB2, TiB2, and ZrB2 and use electron and scanning probe microscopy techniques to characterize their structures, morphologies, and compositions. The exfoliated layers have a distribution of lateral dimensions from tens of nanometers up to several micrometers and a distribution of thicknesses from as low as 2-3 nm up to tens of nanometers, all while retaining their hexagonal atomic structure and chemical composition. We exploit the convenient solution-phase dispersions of exfoliated CrB2 nanosheets to incorporate them directly into polymer composites. In contrast to the hard and brittle bulk CrB2, we find that CrB2 nanocomposites remain very flexible and simultaneously provide increases in the elastic modulus and the ultimate tensile strength of the polymer. The successful liquid-phase production of quasi-2D metal diborides enables their processing using scalable low-temperature solution-phase methods, extending their use to previously unexplored applications, and reveals a new family of non-vdW materials that can be efficiently exfoliated into quasi-2D forms
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