On the Development and Application of FOG

Gyroscope is a type of angular velocity measuring device, which can precisely determine the orientation of moving objects. It was first employed in navigation and later became an inertial navigation instrument widely used in modern aviation, aerospace, and national defense industries. As a vital representative of gyroscope, the fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG) has advantages in terms of compact structure, high precision, high sensitivity, and high environmental adaptability. FOG has been broadly utilized in many fields, and is also a key component of modern navigation instruments. In this paper, the history, classification, performance indicators, and application requirements of gyroscope are briefly summarized. The development history of FOG based on Sagnac effect is described in detail. The three generations of FOG are interferometric FOG, resonant FOG, and stimulated Brillouin scattering FOG. At the same time, this chapter summarizes the development and research situation of FOG in the United States, Japan, France, and other major developing countries, and compares the application of FOG in various international companies

Family history and risk of bladder cancer:an analysis accounting for first- and second-degree relatives

Although evidence suggests that a positive family history of bladder cancer in first-degree relatives is an important risk factor for bladder cancer occurrence, results remain unclear. The influence of family history of non-bladder cancers and more distant relatives on bladder cancer risk is inconsistent. This research therefore, aims to increase the understanding of the association between family history and bladder cancer risk based on worldwide case-control studies. In total 4,327 cases and 8,948 non-cases were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel logistic regression models, adjusted by age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, and smoking pack-years. The results show bladder cancer risk increased by having a first- or second-degree relative affected with bladder cancer (OR 2.72, 95%CI 1.55-4.77 and OR 1.71, 95%CI 1.22-2.40, respectively), and non-urologic cancers (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.19-2.18). Moreover, bladder cancer risk increased by number of cancers affected first-degree relatives (for 1 and >1 first-degree relatives: OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02-2.04; OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.84-3.86, respectively). Our findings highlight an increased bladder cancer risk for a positive bladder cancer family history in first- and second-degree relatives, and indicate a possible greater effect for an increment of numbers of affected relatives

Positioning of Tower Crane Trolley Based on D-S Evidence Theory and Kalman Filter

Due to the complex structure of the tower crane and the signal noise, it is difficult to estimate and predict the real position signal, which may lead to inaccurate positioning of the tower crane trolley. A tower crane positioning algorithm based on D-S evidence theory and unscented Kalman filter (DS-UKF) is established and developed. First, the nonlinear dynamic model, state equation, and detection equation of the tower crane are constructed based on the complex structure of the tower crane. Second, the arm angle is estimated, and the distance between the trolley and the root of the arm is positioned. Finally, in order to calculate the weight of a single sensor, the D-S evidence theory is used to process the measurement information of the sensor and the estimated value of the filter. The Kalman filter, which has good signal tracking and estimation ability, is used to predict and estimate the position of the trolley. The accurate positioning of the tower crane trolley is realized through the organic fusion of information. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the DS-UKF positioning algorithm

Analysis and Application of Eco-environmental Value of Saihanba Forest Farm Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and K-Means Clustering

In this paper, we aim to establish an evaluation model for the impact of Saihanba on the ecological environment to quantitatively evaluate its impact due to its significant role on maintaining ecological balance and stability. We apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method on building an evaluation model of Saihanba with a multilevel evaluation factor system. In addition, we promote the model with the help of the K-means clustering analysis method after optimizing to determine which geographical locations in China and Pakistan need to establish ecological reservation

Early-life prophylactic antibiotic treatment disturbs the stability of the gut microbiota and increases susceptibility to H9N2 AIV in chicks

Abstract Background Antibiotics are widely used for prophylactic therapy and for improving the growth performance of chicken. The problem of bacterial drug resistance caused by antibiotic abuse has previously attracted extensive attention; however, the influence of early-day use of prophylactic antibiotics on the gut microflora and on the disease resistance ability in chicks has not been explored. Here, we comprehensively evaluate the growth performance, gut microbial dynamics, level of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbial community, and resistance to H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in chickens following long-term and short-term early-day prophylactic antibiotic treatment. Results Unexpectedly, long-term prophylactic enrofloxacin treatment slowed the growth rate of chickens, whereas short-term antibiotics treatments were found to increase the growth rate, but these changes were not statistically significant. Strikingly, expansions of Escherichia-Shigella populations were observed in early-life prophylactic antibiotics-treated groups of chickens, which is in contrast to the general perception that antibiotics should control their pathogenicity in chicks. The gut microbiota composition of chickens treated long term with antibiotics or received early-day antibiotics treatment tend to be more dramatically disturbed compared to the gut microbiome of chickens treated with antibiotics for a short term at a later date, especially after H9N2 AIV infection. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that early-day and long-term antibiotic treatments have a more adverse effect on the intestinal microbiome of chickens, compared to short-term late age antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, our metagenomic data reveal that both long-term and short-term antibiotic treatment increase the relative abundance of ARGs. Our findings highlight the adverse effects of prophylactic antibiotic treatment and provide a theoretical basis for the cautious administration of antibiotics in food-producing animal management. Video Abstrac

Moisture-Resistant Co-Spray-Dried Netilmicin with <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Leucine as Dry Powder Inhalation for the Treatment of Respiratory Infections

Netilmicin (NTM) is one of the first-line drugs for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) therapy, but its nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity caused by intravenous injection restrict its clinical application. Dry powder inhalation (DPI) is a popular local drug delivery system that is introduced as a solution. Due to the nature of NTM hygroscopicity that hinders its direct use through DPI, in this study, L-leucine (LL) was added into NTM dry powder to reduce its moisture absorption rate and improve its aerosolization performance. NTM DPIs were prepared using spray-drying with different LL proportions. The particle size, density, morphology, crystallinity, water content, hygroscopicity, antibacterial activity, in vitro aerosolization performance, and stability of each formulation were characterized. NTM DPIs were suitable for inhalation and amorphous with a corrugated surface. The analysis indicated that the water content and hygroscopicity were decreased with the addition of LL, whilst the antibacterial activity of NTM was maintained. The optimal formulation ND2 (NTM:LL = 30:1) showed high fine particle fraction values (85.14 &#177; 8.97%), which was 2.78-fold those of ND0 (100% NTM). It was stable after storage at 40 &#177; 2 &#176;C, 75 &#177; 5% relative humidity (RH). The additional LL in NTM DPI successfully reduced the hygroscopicity and improved the aerosolization performance. NTM DPIs were proved to be a feasible and desirable approach for the treatment of LRTI