Inundation resilience analysis of metro-network from a complex system perspective using the grid hydrodynamic model and FBWM approach : a case study of Wuhan

The upward trend of metro flooding disasters inevitably brings new challenges to urban underground flood management. It is essential to evaluate the resilience of metro systems so that efficient flood disaster plans for preparation, emergency response, and timely mitigation may be developed. Traditional response solutions merged multiple sources of data and knowledge to support decision-making. An obvious drawback is that original data sources for evaluations are often stationary, inaccurate, and subjective, owing to the complexity and uncertainty of the metro station’s actual physical environment. Meanwhile, the flood propagation path inside the whole metro station network was prone to be neglected. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to analyzing the resilience of metro networks to solve these problems. Firstly, we designed a simplified weighted and directed metro network module containing six characteristics by a topological approach while considering the slope direction between sites. Subsequently, to estimate the devastating effects and details of the flood hazard on the metro system, a 100-year rainfall–flood scenario simulation was conducted using high-precision DEM and a grid hydrodynamic model to identify the initially above-ground inundated stations (nodes). We developed a dynamic node breakdown algorithm to calculate the inundation sequence of the nodes in the weighted and directed network of the metro. Finally, we analyzed the resilience of the metro network in terms of toughness strength and organization recovery capacity, respectively. The fuzzy best–worst method (FBWM) was developed to obtain the weight of each assessment metric and determine the toughness strength of each node and the entire network. The results were as follows. (1) A simplified three-dimensional metro network based on a complex system perspective was established through a topological approach to explore the resilience of urban subways. (2) A grid hydrodynamic model was developed to accurately and efficiently identify the initially flooded nodes, and a dynamic breakdown algorithm realistically performed the flooding process of the subway network. (3) The node toughness strength was obtained automatically by a nonlinear FBWM method under the constraint of the minimum error to sustain the resilience assessment of the metro network. The research has considerable implications for managing underground flooding and enhancing the resilience of the metro network

An efficient decision support system for flood inundation management using intermittent remote-sensing data

Abstract: Timely acquisition of spatial flood distribution is an essential basis for flood-disaster monitoring and management. Remote-sensing data have been widely used in water-body surveys. However, due to the cloudy weather and complex geomorphic environment, the inability to receive remote-sensing images throughout the day has resulted in some data being missing and unable to provide dynamic and continuous flood inundation process data. To fully and effectively use remote-sensing data, we developed a new decision support system for integrated flood inundation management based on limited and intermittent remote-sensing data. Firstly, we established a new multi-scale water-extraction convolutional neural network named DEU-Net to extract water from remote-sensing images automatically. A specific datasets training method was created for typical region types to separate the water body from the confusing surface features more accurately. Secondly, we built a waterfront contour active tracking model to implicitly describe the flood movement interface. In this way, the flooding process was converted into the numerical solution of the partial differential equation of the boundary function. Space upwind difference format and the time Euler difference format were used to perform the numerical solution. Finally, we established seven indicators that considered regional characteristics and flood-inundation attributes to evaluate flood-disaster losses. The cloud model using the entropy weight method was introduced to account for uncertainties in various parameters. In the end, a decision support system realizing the flood losses risk visualization was developed by using the ArcGIS application programming interface (API). To verify the effectiveness of the model constructed in this paper, we conducted numerical experiments on the model’s performance through comparative experiments based on a laboratory scale and actual scale, respectively. The results were as follows: (1) The DEU-Net method had a better capability to accurately extract various water bodies, such as urban water bodies, open-air ponds, plateau lakes etc., than the other comparison methods. (2) The simulation results of the active tracking model had good temporal and spatial consistency with the image extraction results and actual statistical data compared with the synthetic observation data. (3) The application results showed that the system has high computational efficiency and noticeable visualization effects. The research results may provide a scientific basis for the emergency-response decision-making of flood disasters, especially in data-sparse regions

A Novel method for monitoring urban dew condensation and its application

Rosa predstavlja unos vlage bitan za održavanje razine vode gradskih ekosustava. Rosu, koja je važan ekološki faktor gradskih ekosustava, lišće biljaka lako apsorbira i tako se opskrbljuje hranjivim tvarima (N, P i K). Osim toga, stvaranje rose važno je u pročišćavanju zraka. Ipak, ima malo internacionalno prihvaćenih standardnih metoda ili instrumenata trenutačno raspoloživih za mjerenje količine rose u urbanim ekosustavima, zbog male količine rose. U svrhu točnog mjerenja kondenzacije vodene pare noću i procjene učinaka stvrdnjavanja površine na tokove vode blizu površine, u radu se prati kondenzacija rose i kombinira rosa s indeksom površine lista te se predlaže nova metoda za praćenje i izračunavanje količine rose u različitim površinama urbanih ekoloških sustava. Grad Changchun u Kini uzet je kao primjer i predloženom metodom se promatrala kondenzacija rose u njegovim različitim funkcionalnim područjima u razdoblju u kojem nema smrzavanja (travanj 2016. do listopada 2016.). Konačno su se analizirali glavni meteorološki faktori koji utječu na kondenzaciju rose sumirajući pravilo kondenzacije vlage; uz to, dobio se intenzitet rose i njezina godišnja količina u različitim krajolicima. Rezultati pokazuju da su područja zelenog pojasa važna mjesta za nakupljanje rose. Redosljed krajolika po intenzitetu rose: područje zelenog pojasa, goli krajolik i krajolik s cestom (P < 0.01). Relativna vlažnost je glavni čimbenik od utjecaja na promjenu količine vodene pare. Količine rose se smanjuju idući od zelenog pojasa do golog krajolika i ceste i iznose 61.43, 0.56, i 1.23 mm. Prema omjeru za svaki krajolik godišnja količina rose je u Changchunu 22.98 mm. Sustav za mjerenje količine rose poboljšan je u urbanim dijelovima i dodana mu je količina dobivena kondenzacijom pare noću s različitih površina. Metoda daje teoretske reference za dalje istraživanje o vodenim tokovima blizu površine.Dew is crucial moisture input for the water balance of urban ecosystems. Dew, which is an important environmental factor of urban ecosystem, can be easily absorbed by plant leaves and provide nutrients (N, P, and K) to plants. Moreover, dew formation is important in air purification. However, few internationally accepted standard methods or instruments are currently available for measuring dew amount in urban ecosystems because of the small dew amount. In order to accurately measure the night water vapour condensation and evaluate the effects of surface hardening to near-surface water cycle, this study monitored dew condensation and combined dew with leaf area index, and a novel method was proposed for monitoring and calculating dew amount in different underlying surfaces in urban ecosystems. The Changchun City in China was considered as an example and the proposed method was used to observe dew condensation in different functional areas of the city during the frost-free period (April 2016 to October 2016). Finally, the main meteorological factors affecting dew condensation were analyzed by summarizing the rule of vapour condensation; moreover, dew intensity and annual dewfall of different landscapes were obtained. Results indicate that greenbelt landscapes are important sites for dew deposition. The landscapes of dew intensity, in descending order, are greenbelt landscape, bare landscape, and road landscape (P < 0.01). Relative humidity is the main factor affecting water vapour migration. Dewfall amounts in the greenbelt, road, and bare landscapes are 61.43, 0.56, and 1.23 mm, respectively. The annual dewfall is 22.98 mm in Changchun according to the proportion of each landscape. The dew-monitoring method system in urban area is improved and the wet deposition from vapour condensation of different surfaces underlying at night is added. The method provides theoretical reference for further research on revealing the near-surface water cycle

Simulation and Analysis of Building Energy Consumption in Port passenger Stations

Port passenger station buildings (PPSD) are an important part of transportation buildings in China, which is characterized by large human flow, long operating time, high load of equipment and lighting. The characteristics and functions of PPSD lead to the high energy consumption. However, the energy consumption analysis of PPSD was deficient. In this paper, the characteristics of energy consumption of port passenger stations in cold regions and hot summer and warm winter regions in China were analyzed. Based on eQUEST, the building models of port passenger stations are established. The influencing factors of the building energy consumption were analyzed through orthogonal experiment with SPSS. Results show that the factors such as summer indoor design temperature, heat source form, air conditioning form, window to wall ratio and lighting control mode are the key factors affecting the energy consumption of port passenger station

Ultra-fast charging in aluminum-ion batteries: electric double layers on active anode

With the rapid iteration of portable electronics and electric vehicles, developing high-capacity batteries with ultra-fast charging capability has become a holy grail. Here we report rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries capable of reaching a high specific capacity of 200 mAh g−1. When liquid metal is further used to lower the energy barrier from the anode, fastest charging rate of 104 C (duration of 0.35 s to reach a full capacity) and 500% more specific capacity under high-rate conditions are achieved. Phase boundaries from the active anode are believed to encourage a high-flux charge transfer through the electric double layers. As a result, cationic layers inside the electric double layers responded with a swift change in molecular conformation, but anionic layers adopted a polymer-like configuration to facilitate the change in composition

Research Progress on Softening Mechanism of Postharvest Fruit

The softening phenomenon of postharvest fruit will occur after a series of processes such as storage and transportation, and there are many reasons for the occurrence. For example, the material composition and structure of the cell wall are changed due to the action of the enzyme activity related to cell wall metabolism. It may also be due to the changes of related substances after fruit ripening and the regulation of plant hormones, thus promoting fruit ripening and softening. In this paper, the causes of postharvest fruit softening are reviewed, including the synthesis of plant hormones and their binding to receptors to promote fruit softening, the regulation of related transcription factors on fruit softening, and the pathways of cell wall metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism related to fruit softening, in order to provide reference for exploring the mechanism of postharvest fruit softening

Research Progress on the Quality Formation Mechanism of Dry-Aged Meat

Dry-aging is the aerobic aging process where meat carcasses or primal cuts are hanged and aged for a period of time (28 to 55 days, or even longer) under specific environmental conditions of temperature (0–4 ℃), relative humidity (61%–85%), and air flow (0.5–2.0 m/s). Dry-aging in a breathable bag, dry-aging combined with ultraviolet irradiation treatment, and stepwise dry/wet-aging have been successively developed. Due to dehydration during dry-aging, the surface of meat shrinks to produce a hard ‘crust’, resulting in significant mass loss and trim loss. However, compared with wet-aging, dry-aging can significantly enhance meat flavor characteristics, imparting a strong ‘dry-aged flavor’ and unique roasted beef-like, roasted nutty and buttery aromas to aged meat. Dry-aging can be used effectively to improve the eating quality and economic value of low-marbled beef. In this paper, the key parameters of dry-aging are reviewed, the potential mechanism by which dry-aging improves meat quality, especially flavor, is discussed. Future prospects for the application and development of dry-aging are discussed as well. This review will provide theoretical support for the development of the meat industry and for exploring the market for high-quality meat

Discovery of electromagnetic polarization in Asian rice wine deterioration process and its applications

Rice wine, known as yellow wine in China and Japan, possesses considerable nutritional value and holds significant global influence. This study addresses the challenge of preserving rice wine, which is prone to rancidity due to its low alcohol content. Conventional storage techniques employing pottery jars often result in substantial spoilage losses. Through rigorous investigation, this research identifies a polarization phenomenon exhibited by degraded rice wine when subjected to high-frequency microwaves(>60GHz), presenting a pioneering method for detecting spoilage, even within sealed containers. Employing a multi-channel microwave radar apparatus, the study delves into the susceptibility of rice wine to electromagnetic waves across various frequencies, uncovering pronounced polarization traits in deteriorated samples within the E-band microwave spectrum. Furthermore, lab-controlled simulations elucidate a direct correlation between physicochemical alterations and high-frequency Radar Cross Section (RCS) signals during the wine’s deterioration process. A novel six-membered Hydrated Cluster hypothesis is proposed, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Additionally, dielectric property assessments conducted using vector network analyzers (VNA) reveal noteworthy enhancements in the dielectric constant of deteriorated rice wine, particularly within the high-frequency domain, thereby augmenting detectability. These findings carry implications for refining rice wine preservation techniques and contribute to the advancement of non-destructive testing technologies, enabling the detection of rice wine deterioration or indications thereof, even within sealed vessels

Endothelium- targeted overexpression of Krüppel- like factor 11 protects the blood- brain barrier function after ischemic brain injury

Microvascular endothelial cell (EC) injury and the subsequent blood- brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are frequently seen in many neurological disorders, including stroke. We have previously documented that peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)- mediated cerebral protection during ischemic insults needs Krüppel- like factor 11 (KLF11) as a critical coactivator. However, the role of endothelial KLF11 in cerebrovascular function and stroke outcome is unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the regulatory role of endothelial KLF11 in BBB preservation and neurovascular protection after ischemic stroke. EC- targeted overexpression of KLF11 significantly mitigated BBB leakage in ischemic brains, evidenced by significantly reduced extravasation of BBB tracers and infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and less brain water content. Endothelial cell- selective KLF11 transgenic (EC- KLF11 Tg) mice also exhibited smaller brain infarct and improved neurological function in response to ischemic insults. Furthermore, EC- targeted transgenic overexpression of KLF11 preserved cerebral tight junction (TJ) levels and attenuated the expression of pro- inflammatory factors in mice after ischemic stroke. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that KLF11 directly binds to the promoter of major endothelial TJ proteins including occludin and ZO- 1 to promote their activities. Our data indicate that KLF11 functions at the EC level to preserve BBB structural and functional integrity, and therefore, confers brain protection in ischemic stroke. KLF11 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke and other neurological conditions involving BBB breakdown and neuroinflammation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155919/1/bpa12831_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155919/2/bpa12831.pd