The orbital periods of subdwarf B binaries produced by the first stable Roche overflow channel

Long-orbital-period subdwarf B (sdB) stars with main-sequence companions are believed to be the product of stable Roche Lobe overflow (RLOF), a scenario challenged by recent observations. Here we represent the results of a systematic study of the orbital-period distribution of sdB binaries in this channel using detailed binary evolution calculations. We show that the observed orbital-period distribution of long-period sdB binaries can be well explained by this scenario. Furthermore, we find that, if the progenitors of the sdB stars have initial masses below the helium flash mass, the sdB binaries produced from stable RLOF follow a unique mass -- orbital period relation for a given metallicity $Z$; increasing the orbital period from $\sim 400$ to $\sim 1100$\,d corresponds to increasing the mass of the sdB star from $\sim 0.40$ to $\sim 0.49\,M_\odot$ for $Z=0.02$. We suggest that the longest sdB binaries (with orbital period $> 1100$\,d) could be the result of atmospheric RLOF. The mass -- orbital period relation can be tested observationally if the mass of the sdB star can be determined precisely, e.g.\ from asteroseismology. Using this relation, we revise the orbital period distribution of sdB binaries produced by the first stable RLOF channel for the best fitting model of Han et al (2003), and show that the orbital period has a peak around 830\,d.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Formation of hot subdwarf B stars with neutron star components

Binary population synthesis predicts the existence of subdwarf B stars (sdBs) with neutron star (NS) or black hole (BH) companions. We systematically investigate the formation of sdB+NS binaries from binary evolution and aim to obtain some clues for a search for such systems. We started from a series of MS+NS systems and determined the parameter spaces for producing sdB+NS binaries from the stable Roche-lobe overflow (RLOF) channel and from the common envelope (CE) ejection channel. Various NS accretion efficiencies and NS masses were examined to investigate the effects they have. We show the characteristics of the produced sdB+NS systems, such as the mass of components, orbital period, the semi-amplitude of the radial velocity (K), and the spin of the NS component. In the stable RLOF channel, the orbital period of sdB+NS binaries produced in this way ranges from several days to more than 1000 days and moves toward the short-period (~ hr) side with increasing initial MS mass. the sdB+NS systems that result from CE ejection have very short orbital periods and then high values of K (up to 800km s^-1). Such systems are born in very young populations (younger than 0.3 Gyr) and are potential gravitational wave sources that might be resolved by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) in the future. Gravitational wave radiation may again bring them into contact on a timescale of only ~Myr. As a consequence, they are rare and hard to discover. The pulsar signal is likely a feature of sdB+NS systems caused by stable RLOF, and some NS components in sdB binaries may be millisecond pulsars.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in A&