Multi-H∞ controls for unknown input-interference nonlinear system with reinforcement learning

This article studies the multi-H∞ controls for the input-interference nonlinear systems via adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method, which allows for multiple inputs to have the individual selfish component of the strategy to resist weighted interference. In this line, the ADP scheme is used to learn the Nash-optimization solutions of the input-interference nonlinear system such that multiple H∞ performance indices can reach the defined Nash equilibrium. First, the input-interference nonlinear system is given and the Nash equilibrium is defined. An adaptive neural network (NN) observer is introduced to identify the input-interference nonlinear dynamics. Then, the critic NNs are used to learn the multiple H∞ performance indices. A novel adaptive law is designed to update the critic NN weights by minimizing the Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equation, which can be used to directly calculate the multi-H∞ controls effectively by using input-output data such that the actor structure is avoided. Moreover, the control system stability and updated parameter convergence are proved. Finally, two numerical examples are simulated to verify the proposed ADP scheme for the input-interference nonlinear system

The incidence of liver injury in Uyghur patients treated for TB in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China, and its association with hepatic enzyme polymorphisms nat2, cyp2e1, gstm1 and gstt1.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Of three first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, isoniazid is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity. Differences in INH-induced toxicity have been attributed to genetic variability at several loci, NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1and GSTT1, that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study evaluated whether the polymorphisms in these enzymes were associated with an increased risk of anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis in patients and could potentially be used to identify patients at risk of liver injury. METHODS AND DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 2244 tuberculosis patients were assessed two months after the start of treatment. Anti-TB drug-induced liver injury (ATLI) was defined as an ALT, AST or bilirubin value more than twice the upper limit of normal. NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined using the PCR/ligase detection reaction assays. RESULTS: 2244 patients were evaluated, there were 89 cases of ATLI, a prevalence of 4% 9 patients (0.4%) had ALT levels more than 5 times the upper limit of normal. The prevalence of ATLI was greater among men than women, and there was a weak association with NAT2*5 genotypes, with ATLI more common among patients with the NAT2*5*CT genotype. The sensitivity of the CT genotype for identifying patients with ATLI was 42% and the positive predictive value 5.9%. CT ATLI was more common among slow acetylators (prevalence ratio 2.0 (95% CI 0.95,4.20) )compared to rapid acetylators. There was no evidence that ATLI was associated with CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c1genotype, CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c2 or c2/c2 genotypes, or GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In Xinjiang Uyghur TB patients, liver injury was associated with the genetic variant NAT2*5, however the genetic markers studied are unlikely to be useful for screening patients due to the low sensitivity and low positive predictive values for identifying persons at risk of liver injury

Comparative transcriptomics of 5 high-altitude vertebrates and their low-altitude relatives

Abstract Background: Species living at high altitude are subject to strong selective pressures due to inhospitable environments (e.g., hypoxia, low temperature, high solar radiation, and lack of biological production), making these species valuable models for comparative analyses of local adaptation. Studies that have examined high-altitude adaptation have identified a vast array of rapidly evolving genes that characterize the dramatic phenotypic changes in high-altitude animals. However, how high-altitude environment shapes gene expression programs remains largely unknown. Findings: We generated a total of 910 Gb of high-quality RNA-seq data for 180 samples derived from 6 tissues of 5 agriculturally important high-altitude vertebrates (Tibetan chicken, Tibetan pig, Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goat, and yak) and their cross-fertile relatives living in geographically neighboring low-altitude regions. Of these, ∼75% reads could be aligned to their respective reference genomes, and on average ∼60% of annotated protein coding genes in each organism showed FPKM expression values greater than 0.5. We observed a general concordance in topological relationships between the nucleotide alignments and gene expression–based trees. Tissue and species accounted for markedly more variance than altitude based on either the expression or the alternative splicing patterns. Cross-species clustering analyses showed a tissue-dominated pattern of gene expression and a species-dominated pattern for alternative splicing. We also identified numerous differentially expressed genes that could potentially be involved in phenotypic divergence shaped by high-altitude adaptation. Conclusions: These data serve as a valuable resource for examining the convergence and divergence of gene expression changes between species as they adapt or acclimatize to high-altitude environments

A Simple and Reasonable Calculation Equation of Balanced Fertilization

Reasonable fertilization is a primary concern for agronomy scientists and farmers. However, there is still no satisfying calculation formula to guide farmer’s fertilizing. Five kinds of indices were tested in more than 500 field plots successively, and more than 50 pieces of long-term and short-term fertilizer field test data acquired by others were analyzed. Quick-acting fertilizers should be applied for balanced fertilization if the soil-available nutrient content is within the normal range. Through rigorous derivation and validation by a multi-year continuous 15N tracer field test, it is obtained that, total soil exogenous N = total output N − total recovery N + soil profit or lost N; utilization efficiency of fertilizer N = (output N − exogenous N) ÷ balanced application amount of N fertilizer. Optimal balanced utilization efficiency of fertilizer N, P, K = total recovery efficiency, and soil nutrient net amount = total amount after test − total amount before test. Equation application parameters were collected from more than 50 tests, which is more applicable than collecting from a single test. When soil-available nutrient content is excessively low or excessively high, adjusting this should be based on balanced fertilization to properly increase or reduce the fertilization rate

Rumor detection based on graph attention network

At present, most of the existing rumor detection methods focus on the learning and fusion of various features, but due to the complexity of language, these models often rarely consider the relationship between parts of speech. This paper uses graph attention neural network model to learn text features and syntactic relations to solve this problem. It uses node attention collection text feature and edge attention collection relationship feature for syntactic dependency tree, and node attention and edge attention to enhance each other. Finally, the proposed method is verified on Twitter and Weibo data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed method has greatly improved the early detection and accuracy of rumors

Collaborative governance in integrated preschool education: A quadrilateral evolutionary game model analysis

The collaborative governance of inclusive preschool education (IPE) is a process in which multiple subjects work together to promote the advancement and development of IPE by taking a series of governance measures. Based on precise identification of multiple stakeholders in collaborative governance of integrated preschool education, it applied the quadrilateral evolutionary game model and Lyapunov's first law to analyze the stability of behavioral strategy choice by multiple subjects in promoting the practice of collaborative governance of IPE and the possible equilibrium points in the system. The influence of key elements on the system evolution is analyzed using MATLAB 2019 simulation. The study reveals that the evolution and trend of one game agent's behavior are closely related to the strategy choice of others. The willingness of the main body of kindergarten, social organization, and parents to participate in the collaborative governance of IPE are related to the government's active promotion to perform its leading functions at the government level. The willingness for collaborative governance of integrated education can help improve mutual trust and the main body's benefits, thus promoting the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects. Complementary resources, strict supervision, reasonable rewards and punishments can promote the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects

Suspension Array for Multiplex Detection of Eight Fungicide-Resistance Related Alleles in Botrytis cinerea

A simple and high-throughput assay to detect fungicide resistance is required for large-scale monitoring of the emergence of resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea. Using suspension array technology performed on a Bio-Plex 200 System, we developed a single-tube allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) assay that can simultaneously detect eight alleles in one reaction. These eight alleles include E198 and 198A of the β-Tubulin gene (BenA), H272 and 272Y of the Succinate dehydrogenase iron–sulfur subunit gene (SdhB), I365 and 365S of the putative osmosensor histidine kinase gene (BcOS1), and F412 and 412S of the 3-ketoreductase gene (erg27). This assay was first established and optimized with eight plasmid templates containing the DNA sequence variants BenA-E198, BenA-198A, SdhB-H272, SdhB-272Y, BcOS1-I365, BcOS1-365S, erg27-F412, and erg27-412S. Results indicated that none of the probes showed cross-reactivity with one another. The minimum limit of detection for these genotypes was one copy per test. Four mutant plasmids were mixed with 10 ng/μL wild-type genomic DNA in different ratios. Detection sensitivity of mutant loci was 0.45% for BenA-E198A, BcOS1-I365S, and erg27-F412S, and was 4.5% for SdhB-H272Y. A minimum quantity of 0.1 ng of genomic DNA was necessary to obtain reliable results. This is the first reported assay that can simultaneously detect mutations in BenA, SdhB, BcOS1, and erg27

Generation of Sulfamoyl Radical for the Modular Synthesis of Sulfonamides

Efficient synthesis of sulfonamides has long been pursued by chemists due to their frequent occurrence in pharmaceuticals, especially in anti-inflammatory medicines. The traditional assembly from sulfonyl chlorides and amines, as well as the recently developed one-step synthesis of sulfonamides involving sulfur dioxide, still faces challenges such as poor substrate compatibility and/or stringent reaction conditions. Herein, we present a strategy for the in situ generation of sulfamoyl radicals for the one-step modular synthesis of both alkenyl and alkyl sulfonamides with wide substrate applicability (&gt;100 examples), mild reaction conditions, and easily accessible starting materials. This method is successfully applied to the late-stage modification of drug molecules (23 examples), the one-step synthesis of the drug molecule naratriptan, and the 15N-labeling of sulfonamides.</p