Unravelling the sex-specific diversity and functions of adrenal gland macrophages

Despite the ubiquitous function of macrophages across the body, the diversity, origin, and function of adrenal gland macrophages remain largely unknown. We define the heterogeneity of adrenal gland immune cells using single-cell RNA sequencing and use genetic models to explore the developmental mechanisms yielding macrophage diversity. We define populations of monocyte-derived and embryonically seeded adrenal gland macrophages and identify a female-specific subset with low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. In adulthood, monocyte recruitment dominates adrenal gland macrophage maintenance in female mice. Adrenal gland macrophage sub-tissular distribution follows a sex-dimorphic pattern, with MHC class IIlow macrophages located at the cortico-medullary junction. Macrophage sex dimorphism depends on the presence of the cortical X-zone. Adrenal gland macrophage depletion results in altered tissue homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and decreased local aldosterone production during stress exposure. Overall, these data reveal the heterogeneity of adrenal gland macrophages and point toward sex-restricted distribution and functions of these cells.</p

Research on Public Space Renewal Strategy of Small and Medium-sized Towns Based on Spatial Syntax--Taking Liulin Liaoyuan Square as an Example

With the accelerating urbanization, the living standards of people in small towns are constantly improving. There are more or less problems in the public spaces that were used in the past, whether planned or spontaneously formed. Today, under government-led conditions, we have the ability to improve the spatial quality and life satisfaction of these public spaces. This paper takes Liulin Liaoyuan Square as an example, mainly for the transformation and renewal of such small and medium-sized public spaces. It compares the current situation with the simulation implementation plan, uses the spatial syntax including direct (non-participant) observation and spatial grammar analysis techniques to update the strategy and provide practical advice on practical problems

Association of Interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective: Genetic polymorphisms of the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter have been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including seronegative spondyloarthropathies. This study investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of IL-10 are associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common subtype of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Methods: The serum levels of IL-10 were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions -1082A/G, -819C/T and -592C/A in the IL-10 gene promoter were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: 110 AS patients and 120 ethnic-matched healthy controls were included in this study. The serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in AS patients than healthy controls (Z=-10.9, P < 0.001). Single SNP analysis showed no significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of -592A/C between the AS patients and healthy controls. No -1082GG genotype was found in this study. An increased frequency of -1082G allele was noted in AS patients (P=0.047). In a logistic regression analysis, the -1082AG genotype was associated with an odds ratio of 1.993 (95%CI, 1.046-3.800, P=0.034) for AS. And the -819CC genotype was associated with an odds ratio of 3.125 (95%CI, 1.246-7.836, P=0.015) for AS. Furthermore, haplotype analysis revealed that GCC haplotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of AS as compared with the ATA haplotype (OR=2.19; 95% CI, 1.13-4.26; P=0.02). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the gene haplotype of IL-10 can contribute to the susceptibility to AS in a Chinese population

Method of applying temperature-sensitive paint in hypersonic test with strong combustion radiation

Global heat flux measurement techniques with high spatial resolution are needed to accurately capture the peak heat flux and its location for the design of thermal protection system. However, background radiation from combustion presents an obstacle to the application of global heat flux measurement techniques. To solve this problem, a new method for heat flux determination suitable for strong combustion radiation environment is described. The core idea of this method is that heat flux on the inner surface of the combustor was identified by solving the three-dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problem while measuring the outer surface temperature using temperature-sensitive paint. Measurement system configuration, data processing method, and effect of layer thickness of the temperature-sensitive paint on the measurement results are introduced in detail. Finally, both numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the new method

Electroporation effect of ZnO nanoarrays under low voltage for water disinfection

It is quite necessary to develop a safe and efficient technique for disinfection of drinking water to avoid waterborne pathogens of infectious diseases. Herein, ZnO nanoarray electrodes with different sizes were investigated for low-voltage and high-efficiency electroporation disinfection. The results indicated that the ZnO nano-pyramid with small tip width and proper length exhibited over 99.9% disinfection efficiency against Escherichia coli under 1 V and a flow rate of 10 mL/min (contact time of 1.2 s). The suitable size of the nanoarray for electroporation disinfection was optimized by establishing the correlation between four kinds of ZnO nanoarrays and their efficiency of electroporation disinfection, which can guide the preparation of next-generation electroporation-disinfecting electrodes

Method of applying temperature-sensitive paint in hypersonic test with strong combustion radiation

Global heat flux measurement techniques with high spatial resolution are needed to accurately capture the peak heat flux and its location for the design of thermal protection system. However, background radiation from combustion presents an obstacle to the application of global heat flux measurement techniques. To solve this problem, a new method for heat flux determination suitable for strong combustion radiation environment is described. The core idea of this method is that heat flux on the inner surface of the combustor was identified by solving the three-dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problem while measuring the outer surface temperature using temperature-sensitive paint. Measurement system configuration, data processing method, and effect of layer thickness of the temperature-sensitive paint on the measurement results are introduced in detail. Finally, both numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the new method

Noise reduction for temperature-sensitive paint measurement contaminated by strong background radiation in a high enthalpy hypersonic tunnel

The strong background radiation in high enthalpy hypersonic shock tunnels has posed severe challenges for measurement using luminescent coatings. We proposed a solution for reducing background radiation from time-resolved temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) measurement in a hypersonic flow with Ma = 6.5 and T-0 = 3525 K. The TSP was applied on an inlet ramp model, and the images were taken by a high-speed camera at 2 kHz under a modulated excitation. The strong background radiation led to a low signal-to-noise ratio and significant errors for the first half of the 130-ms test duration. Accordingly, three noise reduction methods were developed and evaluated based on temporal reconstruction, spatial reconstruction and robust principal component analysis (RPCA), respectively. The RPCA method showed the best performance that successfully recovered high-quality TSP data for a majority of test duration (t >= 40 ms)