Cultural Trauma in the Inheritance of Loss

Cultural trauma appears when a collectivity of human beings suffers sudden and rapid social change, touching the core of their inner sense. This paper analyzes cultural trauma in the precise time in that novel according to a classification of the Cultural Trauma theory and presents various strategies to cope with trauma. The whole process of cultural trauma reveals the complicated background then. Confronting ethic problems in displacement, tackling pertinent issues of the globalizing world and struggling with the lingering colonial effects of Britain in India, the novel depicts a special historical scene, implying the ways of living and enlightening today’s loss during the period of inheritance

Scaling law for three-body collisions near a narrow s-wave Feshbach resonance

Ultracold atomic gases provide a controllable system to study the inelastic processes for three-body systems, where the three-body recombination rate depends on the scattering length scaling. Such scalings have been confirmed in bosonic systems with various interaction strengths, but their existence with fermionic atoms remains elusive. In this work, we report on an experimental investigation of the scaling law for the three-body atomic loss rate $L_3$ in a two-component $^6$Li Fermi gas with the scattering length $a<0$. The scaling law is validated within a certain range of $a$ near the narrow $s$-wave Feshbach resonance, where $L_3\propto T|a|^{2.60(5)}$, and $T$ is the gas temperature. The scaling law is observed to have an upper and a lower bound in terms of the scattering length. For the upper bound, when $a\rightarrow \infty$, the power-law scaling is suppressed by the unitary behavior of the resonance caused by the strong three-body collisions. For the lower bound, $a\rightarrow 0$, the finite range effect modifies the scaling law by the effective scattering length $L_e$. These results indicate that the three-body recombination rate in a fermionic system could be characterized by the scaling law associated with the generalized Efimov physics.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Characteristics of High-density Lipoprotein Subclasses Distribution for Subjects with Desirable Total Cholesterol Levels

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To investigate alteration of high density lipoproteins (HDL) subclasses distribution in different total cholesterol (TC) levels, mainly the characteristics of HDL subclasses distribution in desirable TC levels and analyze the related mechanisms.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>ApoA-I contents of plasma HDL subclasses were determined by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunodetection. 486 Chinese Adults subjects were assigned to different TC groups according to the third Report of NCEP (ATP- III) guidelines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The increase in contents of small preβ₁-HDL, HDL_3c, HDL_3b, and HDL_3aparticles clustered and reduce in HDL_2bwith increased of TC. The distribution of HDL subclasses have shown abnormality characterized by the lower HDL_2b(324.2 mg/L) contents and the higher preβ₁-HDL (90.4 mg/L) contents for desirable TC Chinese subjects. Among 176 desirable TC subjects, 58.6% subjects with triglyceride (TG) < 2.26 mmol/L, 61.2% subjects with HDL-C ≥1.03 mmol/L and 88.6% subjects with low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) < 3.34 mmol/L, and the profile of HDL subclasses distribution for above these subjects was reasonable.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The particles size of HDL subclasses shifted towards smaller with increased TC levels. The TC was liner with HDL_2bcontents and those can be reduced 17 mg/L for 0.5 mmol/L increment in TC levels. The HDL subclasses distribution phenotype was not expectation for Chinese Population with desirable TC levels. Thus, from the HDL subclasses distribution point, when assessing the coronary heart disease(CHD) risk not only rely on the TC levels, but also the concentrations of TG, HDL-C and LDL-C must considered in case the potential risk for desirable TC subjects with other plasma lipids metabolism disorders.</p

The impact of plasma triglyceride and apolipoproteins concentrations on high-density lipoprotein subclasses distribution

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>To investigate the effect of triglyceride (TG) integrates with plasma major components of apolipoproteins in HDL subclasses distribution and further elicited the TG-apolipoproteins (apos) interaction in the processes of high density lipoprotein (HDL) mature metabolic and atherosclerosis related diseases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Contents of plasma HDL subclasses were quantities by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis associated with immunodetection in 500 Chinese subjects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Contents of preβ₁-HDL, HDL_3a, and apoB-100 level along with apoB-100/A-I ratio were significantly increased, whereas there was a significant reduction in the contents of HDL₂, apoA-I level as well as apoC-III/C-II ratio with increased TG concentration. Moreover, preβ₁-HDL contents is elevated about 9 mg/L and HDL_2bcontents can be reduced 21 mg/L for 0.5 mmol/L increment in TG concentration. Moreover, with increase of apoA-I levels, HDL_2bcontents were marginally elevated in any TG concentration group. Furthermore, despite of in the apoB-100/A-I < 0.9 group, the contents of preβ₁-HDL increased, and those of HDL_2bdecreased significantly for subjects in both high and very high TG levels compared to that in normal TG levels. Similarly, in the apoB-100/A-I ≥ 0.9 group, the distribution of HDL subclasses also showed abnormality for subjects with normal TG levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The particle size of HDL subclasses tend to small with TG levels increased which indicated that HDL maturation might be impeded and efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport(RCT) might be weakened. These data suggest that TG levels were not only significantly associated with but liner with the contents of preβ₁-HDL and HDL_2b. They also raise the possibility that the TG levels effect on HDL maturation metabolism are subjected to plasma apolipoproteins and apolipoproteins ratios.</p

Association of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and concentrations of plasma lipids with high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution in the Chinese population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To evaluate the relationship between the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and HDL subclass distribution and to further examine and discuss the potential impact of LDL-C and HDL-C together with TG on HDL subclass metabolism.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Small-sized preβ₁-HDL, HDL_3band HDL_3aincreased significantly while large-sized HDL_2aand HDL_2bdecreased significantly as the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio increased. The subjects in low HDL-C level (< 1.03 mmol/L) who had an elevation of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and a reduction of HDL_2b/preβ₁-HDL regardless of an undesirable or high LDL-C level. At desirable LDL-C levels (< 3.34 mmol/L), the HDL_2b/preβ₁-HDL ratio was 5.4 for the subjects with a high HDL-C concentration (≥ 1.55 mmol/L); however, at high LDL-C levels (≥ 3.36 mmol/L), the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C was 2.8 in subjects, and an extremely low HDL_2b/preβ₁-HDL value although with high HDL-C concentration.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>With increase of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, there was a general shift toward smaller-sized HDL particles, which implied that the maturation process of HDL was blocked. High HDL-C concentrations can regulate the HDL subclass distribution at desirable and borderline LDL-C levels but cannot counteract the influence of high LDL-C levels on HDL subclass distribution.</p

Structures and growth pathways of AunCln+3-(n≤7) cluster anions

Gold chloride clusters play an important role in catalysis and materials chemistry. Due to the diversity of their species and isomers, there is still a dearth of structural studies at the molecular level. In this work, anions of AunCln+3- and AunCln+5- (n = 2–4) clusters were obtained by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS), and the most stable isomers of AunCln+3- were determined after a thorough search and optimization at the TPSSh/aug-cc-pVTZ/ECP60MDF level. The results indicate that all isomers with the lowest energy have a planar zigzag skeleton. In each species, there is one Au(III) atom at the edge connected with four Cl atoms, which sets it from the other Au(I) atoms. Four growth pathways for AunCln+3- (n = 2–7) clusters are proposed (labelled R1, R2, R3 and R4). They are all associated with an aurophilic contact and are exothermic. The binding energies tend to stabilize at ~ −41 kcal/mol when the size of the cluster increases in all pathways. The pathway R1, which connects all the most stable isomers of the respective clusters, is characterized by cluster growth due to aurophilic interactions at the terminal atom of Au(I) in the zigzag chains. In the pathway of R4 involving Au-Au bonding in its initial structures (n ≤ 3), the distance between intermediate gold atoms grows with cluster size, ultimately resulting in the transfer of the intermediate Au-Au bonding into aurophilic interaction. The size effect on the structure and aurophilic interactions of these clusters will be better understood based on these discoveries, potentially providing new insights into the active but elusive chemical species involved in the corresponding catalytic reactions or nanoparticle synthesis processes

CB-Conformer: Contextual biasing Conformer for biased word recognition

Due to the mismatch between the source and target domains, how to better utilize the biased word information to improve the performance of the automatic speech recognition model in the target domain becomes a hot research topic. Previous approaches either decode with a fixed external language model or introduce a sizeable biasing module, which leads to poor adaptability and slow inference. In this work, we propose CB-Conformer to improve biased word recognition by introducing the Contextual Biasing Module and the Self-Adaptive Language Model to vanilla Conformer. The Contextual Biasing Module combines audio fragments and contextual information, with only 0.2% model parameters of the original Conformer. The Self-Adaptive Language Model modifies the internal weights of biased words based on their recall and precision, resulting in a greater focus on biased words and more successful integration with the automatic speech recognition model than the standard fixed language model. In addition, we construct and release an open-source Mandarin biased-word dataset based on WenetSpeech. Experiments indicate that our proposed method brings a 15.34% character error rate reduction, a 14.13% biased word recall increase, and a 6.80% biased word F1-score increase compared with the base Conformer