PO-026 Effects of Different Exercise on the Expression of White Fat Browning Proteins in Growing Rats

Objective The prevention of obesity in children and adolescents can reduce the risk of obesity and various chronic diseases in adulthood. In recent years, it has been found that inducing browning of white fat can regulate energy balance and inhibit fat accumulation .Exercise as a healthy intervention can regulate energy balance by affecting the browning of white fat. However, the effect of exercise on the browning of white fat during the critical period of growth and development is not yet known, and the effect of different exercise methods on the browning of different location of white fat is inconsistent. Therefore, this study intends to explore the effects of different exercise methods on the expression of browning-related proteins of peripheral white adipose tissue and browning-related genes of hypothalamus in growing rats through animal experiments, and to explore the relationship between them. Methods 30 Male, 3-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, C group: Control group (sedentary, n=10);MD group: moderate-intensity training group (MD group, n=10), and high-intensity intermittent training group (HIIT group, n=10). MD group exercise program: 60% VO2max exercise for 60 minutes, 5 times a week for a total of 4 weeks. HIIT group exercise program: 85% ~ 90% VO2max exercise 6min, 50% VO2max exercise interval 4min, repeated 6 times. 5 times a week for a total of 4 weeks. The exercise intensity was adjusted based on the maximal oxygen uptake measurement every 2 weeks. Three groups of rats were weighed once a week. After the experiment, anesthesia was performed with 10% chloral hydrate 50 mg/Kg (body weight) in the abdominal cavity to rapidly separate the hypothalamus、Perirenal and epididymal fat and put into liquid nitrogen and transfer these to -80°C refrigerator for testing. The expression of POMC, NPY, LEPR and GRP78 mRNA in hypothalamus was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of PRDM16 and UCP1 protein in perirenal white fat was measured by Western Blot. Results 1. The weight of the three groups of rats increased continuously within 4 weeks of exercise intervention. Compared with group C,the weight of group E and group H increased slowly from the second week (p<.05). 2. The increase in absolute weight and relative weight of visceral fat in MD group and HIIT group was significantly lower than that in C group (p<.01); the increase in absolute weight and relative weight of visceral fat in MD group was significantly lower than HIIT group(p<.05).3. Compared with group C, the expression of PRDM16 protein in WAT of the kidneys in group MD was significantly increased (p<.01), and the UCP1 protein expression was significantly increased (p<.01). Compared with group C, there was no significant difference in PRDM16 and UCP1 protein expression in WAT of HIIT group (p>.05). 4. Compared with group C, the expression of NPY mRNA in hypothalamus in group MD was significantly decreased,(p<.01), POMC, LEPR, GRP78 mRNA expression had no significant difference (p>.05); Compared with group C, there was no significant difference in the expression of hypothalamus POMC, NPY，LEPR and GRP78 mRNA in HIIT group (p>.05). 5. There was a negative correlation between the expression of NPYmRNA in hypothalamus and the expression of PRDM16 protein in white fat(p<.01). Conclusions Moderate-intensity exercise for 4 weeks in the growth and development period of rats can decrease NPY expression in hypothalamus of rats and induce white-to-brown phenomena in perirenal adipose tissue ,but not in HIIT

PO-294 Effects of HIIT on FTO protein expression and its relationship with glucose and fat metabolism

Objective FTO (Fat mass and obesity-associated) is associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes incurrence. Studies have shown that the expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is related to the oxidation rate of whole body substrate. With the increase of age, the body's carbohydrate oxidation rate decreases, the fat oxidation rate increases, and at the meanwhile the expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle decreases and that in adipose increases. HIIT is very helpful for inhibiting obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of HIIT exercise on the expression of FTO protein in rats and its relationship to glucose and fat metabolism. Methods 20 Male, 3-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, each group has 10 rats. C group: sedentary; HIIT group: high-intensity intermittent training group (85% ~ 90% VO2max exercise for 6min, 50% VO2max exercise interval 4min, repeated 6 times. 5 times/week ,4 weeks). All subjects were maintained in a free facility with constant temperature of 25°C, light-dark cycle of 12/12 h and free access to water. 48 hours after the last exercise, all samples were taken with an overnight fast. The expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was measured by Western Blot. Serum insulin was tested by ELISA; Estimation of blood glucose was tested by Glucose oxidase method. Results 1.The expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle was significantly higher than that of group C (P <0.01); The expression of FTO protein in adipose tissue of HIIT group was significantly lower than that of group C (P <0.05); 2. Serum insulin levels of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01); And the blood glucose of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01). 3. Serum LDL-C of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01), and serum HDL-C of group HIIT was significantly higher than that of group C (p <0.01);4. Correlation analysis showed that serum insulin level was negatively correlated with skeletal muscle FTO protein expression (R = -0.454, p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum LDL-C levels was positively correlated with adipose tissue FTO protein expression (R=0.559, p < 0.05) and serum HDL-C levels was negatively correlated with adipose tissue FTO protein expression (R=-0.474, p < 0.05). Conclusions 1. HIIT can increase the protein expression of FTO in rat skeletal muscle and decrease the expression of FTO protein in adipose tissue; 2. HIIT can regulate glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in rats; 3. The regulation of glucose metabolism by HIIT may be related to the increase of FTO protein expression in skeletal muscle. The regulation of lipid metabolism may be related to the reduction of FTO protein expression in adipose tissue

Regional Differential Information Entropy for Super-Resolution Image Quality Assessment

PSNR and SSIM are the most widely used metrics in super-resolution problems, because they are easy to use and can evaluate the similarities between generated images and reference images. However, single image super-resolution is an ill-posed problem, there are multiple corresponding high-resolution images for the same low-resolution image. The similarities can't totally reflect the restoration effect. The perceptual quality of generated images is also important, but PSNR and SSIM do not reflect perceptual quality well. To solve the problem, we proposed a method called regional differential information entropy to measure both of the similarities and perceptual quality. To overcome the problem that traditional image information entropy can't reflect the structure information, we proposed to measure every region's information entropy with sliding window. Considering that the human visual system is more sensitive to the brightness difference at low brightness, we take $\gamma$ quantization rather than linear quantization. To accelerate the method, we reorganized the calculation procedure of information entropy with a neural network. Through experiments on our IQA dataset and PIPAL, this paper proves that RDIE can better quantify perceptual quality of images especially GAN-based images.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, 4 table

Phosphine-Catalyzed Annulations of Azomethine Imines: Allene-Dependent [3 + 2], [3 + 3], [4 + 3], and [3 + 2 + 3] Pathways

In this paper we describe the phosphine-catalyzed [3 + 2], [3 + 3], [4 + 3], and [3 + 2 + 3] annulations of azomethine imines and allenoates. These processes mark the first use of azomethine imines in nucleophilic phosphine catalysis, producing dinitrogen-fused heterocycles, including tetrahydropyrazolo-pyrazolones, -pyridazinones, -diazepinones, and -diazocinones. Counting the two different reaction modes in the [3 + 3] cyclizations, there are five distinct reaction pathways—the choice of which depends on the structure and chemical properties of the allenoate. All reactions are operationally simple and proceed smoothly under mild reaction conditions, affording a broad range of 1,2-dinitrogen-containing heterocycles in moderate to excellent yields. A zwitterionic intermediate formed from a phosphine and two molecules of ethyl 2,3-butadienoate acted as a 1,5-dipole in the annulations of azomethine imines, leading to the [3 + 2 + 3] tetrahydropyrazolo-diazocinone products. The incorporation of two molecules of an allenoate into an eight-membered-ring product represents a new application of this versatile class of molecules in nucleophilic phosphine catalysis. The salient features of this protocol—the facile access to a diverse range of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and the simple preparation of azomethine imine substrates—suggest that it might find extensive applications in heterocycle synthesis