The Linear-Time-Invariance Notion of the Koopman Analysis-Part 2: Physical Interpretations of Invariant Koopman Modes and Phenomenological Revelations

This serial work presents a Linear-Time-Invariance (LTI) notion to the Koopman analysis, finding consistent and physically meaningful Koopman modes and addressing a long-standing problem of fluid-structure interactions: deterministically relating the fluid and structure. Part 1 (Li et al., 2022) developed the Koopman-LTI architecture and applied it to a pedagogical prism wake. By the systematic procedure, the LTI generated a sampling-independent Koopman linearization that captured all the recurring dynamics, finding six corresponding, orthogonal, and in-synch fluid excitation-structure response mechanisms. This Part 2 analyzes the six modal duplets' to underpin their physical interpretations, providing a phenomenological revelation of the subcritical prism wake. By the dynamical mode shape, results show that two mechanisms at St1=0.1242 and St5=0.0497 describe shear layer dynamics, the associated B\'ernard-K\'arm\'an shedding, and turbulence production, which together overwhelm the upstream and crosswind walls by instigating a reattachment-type of response. The on-wind walls' dynamical similarity renders them a spectrally unified fluid-structure interface. Another four harmonic counterparts, namely the subharmonic at St7=0.0683, the second harmonic at St3=0.2422, and two ultra-harmonics at St7 =0.1739 and St13=0.1935, govern the downstream wall. The 2P wake mode is also observed as an embedded harmonic of the bluff-body wake. Finally, this work discovered the vortex breathing phenomenon, describing the constant energy exchange in wake's circulation-entrainment-deposition processes. With the Koopman-LTI, one may pinpoint the exact excitations responsible for a specific structural response, or vice versa.Comment: 24 figures, 60 pages. Video files at https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1AHdhUdAfNwlC1XUh-74PgQWW6jUHXJ5j?usp=sharin

Glucocorticoid Receptor and Sequential P53 Activation by Dexamethasone Mediates Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest of Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells

Glucocorticoids play a pivotal role in the proliferation of osteoblasts, but the underlying mechanism has not been successfully elucidated. In this report, we have investigated the molecular mechanism which elucidates the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. It was found that the inhibitory effects were largely attributed to apoptosis and G1 phase arrest. Both the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were dependent on glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as they were abolished by GR blocker RU486 pre-treatment and GR interference. G1 phase arrest and apoptosis were accompanied with a p53-dependent up-regulation of p21 and pro-apoptotic genes NOXA and PUMA. We also proved that dexamethasone can’t induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest when p53 was inhibited by p53 RNA interference. These data demonstrate that proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cell was significantly and directly inhibited by dexamethasone treatment via aberrant GR activation and subsequently P53 activation

Element diffusion ability in metasomatic agents and its effect on chemical characteristics of metasomatized peridotites

Detailed in situ LM-ICPMS researches on the composite xenoliths from Yingfengling volcano of Leizhou Peninsula, South China, indicate that most incompatible trace elements of clinopyroxenes in composite xenoliths decrease spatially from pyroxenites to distal Iherzolites, and compatible elements and HREE increase steeply. The increasing and decreasing rate is distinct for different trace elements, which give rise to element chromatographic fractionation within metasomatized Iherzolites. The element chromatographic fractionation result actually from the difference in element diffusive rate in melts or fluids percolating through wall-rock Iherzolites. Based on element variation profiles in composite xenoliths this study indicates that Sr, Nb, La and Ce have the highest diffusive mobility, MREE-HREE are moderate, and Zr, Hf, Ti, Ga and Sc are very low in most cases. Higher diffusive rates of LREE than HREE would enlarge the REE fractionation of metasomatized peridotites, and lower diffusive rate of Zr, Hf and Ti relative to neighbor REEs with similar incompatibility would cause the relative depletion of these elements in metasomatized peridotites. Trace elements commonly have a higher diffusive rate in fluid-rich infiltrating melt, which will weaken element chromatographic fractionation during the metasomatism. The range of mantle metasomatism caused by silicate melt intrusion is very limited, generally within tens of centimeters wide. The width of metasomatized wall-rock peridotites near the pyroxenite or horblendite veins was strictly controlled by both melt volume and chemical characteristics.12 page(s

Enrichment of upper mantle peridotite : petrological, trace element and isotopic evidence in xenoliths from SE China

Trace element patterns of spinel- and garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Nushan and Mingxi basalts (SE China) reflect the interplay between partial melting and subsequent enrichment by metasomatism. Trace element patterns indicate the common addition of Th, Sr and LREE, but not of significant Ti and Zr, which suggests a metasomatising agent (or agents) with characteristics of H₂O-rich and CO₂-rich fluids. Laser Ablation Microprobe linked to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LAM-ICPMS) analyses of volatile-bearing minerals (including amphibole, phlogopite and apatite) and glasses show that they are important hosts for K, Rb, Sr, Ba, U and rare earth elements (REE) in the mantle, and play an important role in the fractionation of these elements in mantle processes. However, mass-balance calculations require that significant proportions of LREE, Th and Sr are situated in intergranular phases. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of whole-rock samples from each locality are higher, and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd lower, than those of the corresponding acid-leached clinopyroxenes (cpx), suggesting that highly radiogenic Sr and relatively unradiogenic Nd reside in these intergranular phases. The Sr/Nd isotopic compositions of clinopyroxenes separated from the peridotites are correlated with metasomatic style, as reflected in the trace element compositions of the clinopyroxenes. Clinopyroxenes in fertile peridotites from Nushan and Mingxi have high ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, reflecting long-term depletion of the mantle. Clinopyroxenes from metasomatised peridotites define trends toward lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, consistent with a metasomatic fluid having a Sr/Nd isotopic composition near Bulk Earth, and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd≤0.09. Metasomatism by a similar type of fluid can explain the isotopic systematics of clinopyroxenes from most eastern China localities reported in the literature, but a few localities interpreted as on-craton would require fluids with still lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. The minimum age of the major element depletion may be given by a Sm/Nd regression line of 733±340 Ma for cpx from unmetasomatised peridotites at Nushan. The age of the metasomatic event(s) cannot be constrained, but a few metasomatised samples with high ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd indicate that a metasomatic event must have occurred shortly before eruption.26 page(s

Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive magmatism in western Guangdong and its geological significance

Systematic zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating reveals that Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive activities developed in western Guangdong. Representative volcanic rocks, i.e. Maanshan and Zhougongding rhyodacites, have zircon U-Pb isotopic ages of 100±1 Ma, and the intrusive ones including the Deqing monzonitic granite body and the Xinghua granodiorite body in the Shidong complex, as well as the Tiaocun granodiorite body in the Guangping complex yield ages of 99±2 Ma, ca. 100 Ma, and 104±3 Ma respectively. The biotite-granites of the Shidong complex main body (461±35 Ma) and that of the Guangping complex (444±6 Ma) are Caledonian. In spite of the big time interval between Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive magmatisms and Caledonian intrusive ones, both of them are characterized by enrichment in Rb, Th, Ce, Zr, Hf, Sm, depletion in Ba, Nb, Ta, P, Ti, Eu, and weakly REE tetrad effect. Eu negative anomalies are: Cretaceous volcanic rocks (Eu/Eu*=0.74), Cretaceous intrusive rocks (Eu/Eu*=0.35−0.58), Caledonian biotite granites (Eu/Eu*=0.31−0.34). Studies of Sr-Nd isotope data show that all these igneous rocks have high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7105–0.7518), and low ε Nd(t) values (−7.23–−11.39) with their Nd two-stage model ages ranging from 1.6–2.0 Ga, which suggest that they all derived from the Proterozoic crustal basement of southeast China. The occurrence of Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive magmatisms in western Guangdong is related with the important lithospheric extension event in southeast China (including Nanling region) at ca. 100 Ma. The “volcanic line” defined by the large scale Mesozoic intermediate-acidic volcanic magmatisms in southeast China may further extend to the southwest margin of Nanling region.18 page(s

Granulite xenoliths from Cenozoic Basalts in SE China provide geochemical fingerprints to distinguish lower crust terranes from the North and South China tectonic blocks : reply

10 page(s

Relict Proterozoic basement in the Nanling Mountains (SE China) and its tectonothermal overprinting

The basement beneath the Caledonian belt in SE China has been overprinted by Indosinian and Yanshanian events and is poorly known. In situ U-Pb and Hf-isotope analysis of zircons from granites and surrounding rocks in the Nanling Mountains area of the fold belt reveal that the Lanhe felsic gneiss is an outcrop of Mesoproterozoic basement, probably with a partly Late Archean protolith. This is consistent with Nd model ages of granites in this region, and exposures of Cathaysia basement in the coastal area of SE China. In the Nanling Mountains, this basement was reactivated to generate granitoid rocks during the Caledonian, Indosinian, and Yanshanian tectonothermal events. The Caledonian overprint is documented in extensive exposures of the Zhuguang migmatites (425–470 Ma) and by previous U-Pb zircon dating of adjacent granites. The Jiangnan granite may be of similar age, but strongly reworked. The Indosinian overprint resulted in the formation of granites such as the Luxi and Xiazhuang bodies (233–246 Ma) in the Guidong complex. The Yanshanian overprint produced the most widely distributed granites (circa 160 Ma) such as the Jiufeng and Fogang bodies, and parts of the Guidong complex. Hf-isotope data show that all of the Phanerozoic magmatic rocks were derived from the Mesoproterozoic basement (and minor Archean components), without obvious contributions from juvenile sources. The presence of zircons with Archean age (2.5–2.7 Ga) in both the Lanhe gneiss and Devonian sediments indicates that the Badu and Mayuan groups may not be the oldest basement of the Cathaysia block. Some Archean basement (circa 2.5–2.7 Ga) may still be exposed but unrecognized in this region, and Cathaysia may include Archean microcontinental fragments.16 page(s