Socio-Economic Factors of Empowerment in Developing Countries

The study is carried to identify the main socio economic cultural and political view determinants of women empowerment in the developing countries. The highest determination of the study is to analyze and identify the variables through which the process of women empowerment can be measured. This study is based on secondary data and reported to analyze the empowerment factor of women in 124 developing countries, the data was ordinal in nature and randomly selected from the population. The main investigation of this research study to analyzed the relationship of women fertility, socio-economic and political factor on the women empowerment. After conducting a cross sectional study for the most recent period, the findings of study show that the main deterrents towards women disempowerment are attributed as high fertility rates, high maternal mortality, gender inequality, lack of female’s access towards education, health and economic opportunities, lack of leadership and decision making qualities. It is found that a patriarchal culture is equally responsible for women in sufferings and disempowerment. However, democracy and democratic culture can contribute well in upgrading the process of women empowerment in developing countries

Explaining variations in semiconductor catch-up strategies in China, Korea, Malaysia and Taiwan

Presented at the GLOBELICS 6th International Conference 2008 22-24 September, Mexico City, Mexico

Transmission infrared micro-spectroscopic study of individual human hair

Understanding the optical transmission property of human hair, especially in the infrared regime, is vital in physical, clinical, and biomedical research. However, the majority of infrared spectroscopy on human hair is performed in the reflection mode, which only probes the absorptance of the surface layer. The direct transmission spectrum of individual hair without horizontal cut offers a rapid and non-destructive test of the hair cortex but is less investigated experimentally due to the small size and strong absorption of the hair. In this work, we conduct transmission infrared micro-spectroscopic study on individual human hair. By utilizing direct measurements of the transmission spectrum using a Fourier-transform infrared microscope, the human hair is found to display prominent band filtering behavior. The high spatial resolution of infrared micro-spectroscopy further allows the comparison among different regions of hair. In a case study of adult-onset Still's disease, the corresponding infrared transmission exhibits systematic variations of spectral weight as the disease evolves. The geometry effect of the internal hair structure is further quantified using the finite-element simulation. The results imply that the variation of spectral weight may relate to the disordered microscopic structure variation of the hair cortex during the inflammatory attack. Our work reveals the potential of hair infrared transmission spectrum in tracing the variation of hair cortex retrospectively

Amplification of coupled hot-dry extremes over eastern monsoon China

High air temperatures and low atmospheric humidity can result in severe disasters such as flash droughts in regions characterized by high humidity (monsoon regions). However, it remains unclear whether responses of hot extremes to warming temperature are amplified on dry days as well as the response of dry extremes on hot days. Here, taking eastern monsoon China (EMC) as a typical monsoon region, we find a faster increase in air temperature on drier summer days, and a faster decrease in atmospheric humidity on hotter days, indicating “hotter days get drier” and “drier days get hotter” (i.e., coupling hotter and drier extremes), especially in southern EMC. The southern EMC is also a hotspot where the coupling hot-dry extremes has become significantly stronger during the past six decades. The stronger hot-dry coupling in southern EMC is associated with anomalies in large-scale circulations, such as reduced total cloud cover, abnormal anticyclones in the upper atmosphere, intense descending motion, and strong moisture divergence over this region. Land-atmosphere feedback enhance the hot-dry coupling in southern EMC by increasing land surface dryness (seen as a decrease in the evaporation fraction). The decreasing evaporation fraction is associated with drying surface soil moisture, controlled by decreases in pre-summer 1-m soil moisture and summer-mean precipitation. Given hot extremes are projected to increase and atmospheric humidity is predicted to decrease in the future, it is very likely that increasing hot-dry days and associated disasters will be witnessed in monsoon regions, which should be mitigated against by adopting adaptive measures

Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia: evidence mapping of the randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses

Background and Objective: Severe pneumonia is a critical respiratory disease with high mortality. There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia. This study aims to identify, describe, assess, and summarize the currently available high-quality design evidence on TCM adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia to identify evidence gaps using the evidence mapping approach.Methods: Systematic searches were performed on English and Chinese online databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data, CQVIP, and SinoMed) to identify papers from inception until August 2023 for inclusion into the review. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews (SRs), and meta-analyses concerning TCM adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia or its complications in adults were included. The risk of bias in RCTs was evaluated by using the Cochrane Handbook ROB tool. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic Review (ROBIS) tool, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system were used to assess the methodological quality, risk of bias, and evidence quality of SRs or meta-analyses, respectively. Then, a bubble plot was designed to visually display information in four dimensions.Results: A total of 354 RCTs and 17 SRs or meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria. The published RCTs had several flaws, such as unreasonable design, limited sample size, insufficient attention to non-drug therapy studies and syndrome differentiation, improper selection or use of outcome indicators, and failure to provide high-quality evidence. Sixteen SRs or meta-analyses of methodological quality scored “Critically Low” confidence. Twelve SRs or meta-analyses were rated as “High Risk.” Most outcomes were rated as “Low” evidence quality. We found that TCM combined with conventional treatment could improve the clinical total effective rate and the TCM syndromes efficacy. The combined approach could also shorten mechanical ventilation time, infection control time, and length of hospital and ICU stay; significantly reduce temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, white blood cell counts, levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, blood inflammatory factors, bacteriological response, and D-dimer; decrease CPIS, APACHE II score, and PSI score; improve pulmonary imaging features, arterial blood gas indicators (including arterial oxygen pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and oxygen index), and lung function (including forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second) for severe pneumonia compared with conventional treatment only (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in adverse reactions and incidence of adverse events (p > 0.05). In addition, compared with conventional treatment only, most SRs or meta-analyses concluded that TCM combined with conventional treatment was “Beneficial” or “Probably beneficial.”Conclusion: TCM combined with conventional treatment had advantages in efficacy, clinical signs, laboratory results, and life quality outcomes of severe pneumonia, with no difference in safety outcomes compared with conventional treatment only. QingJin Huatan decoction is the most promising target, and Xuanbai Chengqi decoction has a “Probably beneficial” conclusion. XueBiJing injection and TanReQing injection are two commonly used Chinese herbal injections for treating severe pneumonia, and both are “Probably beneficial.” However, there was a need for multicenter RCTs with large sample sizes and high methodological quality in the future. In addition, the methodological design and quality of SRs or meta-analyses should be improved to form high-quality, evidence-based medical evidence and provide evidence for the effectiveness and safety of TCM adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia

A Marr's Three‐Level Analytical Framework for Neuromorphic Electronic Systems

Neuromorphic electronics, an emerging field that aims for building electronic mimics of the biological brain, holds promise for reshaping the frontiers of information technology and enabling a more intelligent and efficient computing paradigm. As their biological brain counterpart, the neuromorphic electronic systems are complex, having multiple levels of organization. Inspired by David Marr's famous three-level analytical framework developed for neuroscience, the advances in neuromorphic electronic systems are selectively surveyed and given significance to these research endeavors as appropriate from the computational level, algorithmic level, or implementation level. Under this framework, the problem of how to build a neuromorphic electronic system is defined in a tractable way. In conclusion, the development of neuromorphic electronic systems confronts a similar challenge to the one neuroscience confronts, that is, the limited constructability of the low-level knowledge (implementations and algorithms) to achieve high-level brain-like (human-level) computational functions. An opportunity arises from the communication among different levels and their codesign. Neuroscience lab-on-neuromorphic chip platforms offer additional opportunity for mutual benefit between the two disciplines

Kininogen Level in the Cerebrospinal Fluid May Be a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Epileptogenesis

Purpose: Epilepsy is a highly disabling neurological disorder. Brain insult is the most critical cause of epilepsy in adults. This study aimed to find reliable and efficient biomarkers for predicting secondary epilepsy.Materials and methods: The LiCl-pilocarpine (LiCl-Pilo) chronic epilepsy rat model was used, and rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected 5 days after status epilepticus (SE). The CSF was analyzed using the label-free LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Differential expression of proteins was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The corresponding protein level in the CSF of patients with encephalitis in the postacute phase was determined using ELISA and compared between patients with and without symptomatic epilepsy after encephalitis during a 2-year follow-up.Results: The proteomics and ELISA results showed that the protein level of kininogen (KNG) was obviously elevated in both CSF and hippocampus, but not in serum, 5 days after the onset of SE in LiCl-Pilo chronic epilepsy model rats. In patients with encephalitis, the protein level of KNG in the CSF in the postacute phase was significantly elevated in patients with a recurrent epileptic seizure during a 2-year follow-up than in patients without a recurrent seizure.Conclusion: KNG in the CSF may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting epileptogenesis in patients with encephalitis

Apelin protects auditory cells from cisplatin-induced toxicity in vitro by inhibiting ROS and apoptosis

Apelin, a specific endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, suppresses oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The current study explored whether Apelin protects against toxicity induced by the anticancer drug cisplatin in vitro, and the possible mechanisms that underlie this protective effect. The results showed that Apelin was expressed in the mouse auditory cell line HEI-OC1 and in cochlear hair cells (HCs) and was significantly downregulated by cisplatin, whereas pre-treatment with exogenous Apelin significantly reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and thus protected HEI-OC1 cells and cochlear HCs from cisplatin-induced injury. Furthermore, Apelin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, rescued mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, inhibited JNK signaling and attenuated the expression of pro-apoptotic factors in HEI-OC1 cells and in cochlear explants treated with cisplatin. Our findings suggest that Apelin could be used as an otoprotective agent for the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity

Analysis of Aroma Components of Red Jujube from Different Origins Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS and Chemometrics

To compare the volatile flavor characteristics of red jujube from different origins, volatile aroma components of jujube fruit from five origins (Xinzheng, Lingbao, Yulin, Hotan and Dezhou) were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The results showed that a total of 51 compounds were identified, among which the most volatile compounds were contained in Xinjiang Hotan jujube. Combined with multivariate statistical analysis, the differences in the overall volatile flavor substances of red jujube from different origins could be well distinguished. Under the conditions of satisfying the variable importance in projection>1 and P<0.05, 13 differential characteristic aroma substances, including methyl caproate, methyl decanoate, hexanal, and benzaldehyde, were screened out from red jujube samples, which imparted unique almond, sweet, and fruity flavors to red jujube. The results of this study clarify the chemical substance basis of the aroma quality of red jujube from different origins, provide a new idea for the origin tracing study of red jujube, and further provide a scientific basis for the rational processing and utilization of jujube fruit resources