J-wave syndromes: Brugada and early repolarization syndromes.

A prominent J wave is encountered in a number of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including the Brugada syndrome and early repolarization syndromes. Brugada syndrome and early repolarization syndromes differ with respect to the magnitude and lead location of abnormal J waves and are thought to represent a continuous spectrum of phenotypic expression termed J-wave syndromes. Despite two decades of intensive research, risk stratification and the approach to therapy of these 2 inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndromes are still undergoing rapid evolution. Our objective in this review is to provide an integrated synopsis of the clinical characteristics, risk stratifiers, and molecular, ionic, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying these 2 fascinating syndromes that have captured the interest and attention of the cardiology community in recent years

Dynamic investment, debt structure and debt overhang

We study the impact of the optimal debt and priority structure on the intertwined corporate financing and investment decisions in a dynamic trade-off model, where the firm simultaneously uses bank and market debt for project financing. Private bank debt is renegotiable during financial distress, thus it avoids inefficient and costly bankruptcy losses should the renegotiation be successful. Our model shows: (i) Shareholders' bargaining power, renegotiation friction, growth potential, and bankruptcy costs limits bank debt capacity; (ii) The substitution effect between bank and market debt dominates in most cases; (iii) Bank debt issuance reduces the bankruptcy risk and speeds firm investment, which mitigates the debt overhand effect; (iv) Debt priority structure has a monotonic positive effect on firms' optimal capital structure, the net benefit of mixed debt financing, and firm valuation, the effect of which is much stronger for weaker shareholders, therefore, it would be optimal to place bank debt as senior for firm value maximization; (v) The benefit of mixed debt financing is significant (a firm valuation boost between 5%- 10% ) compared to either the bank debt exclusive or market debt exclusive debt structure

(Triphenyl­phosphine-κP)[1,1,1-tris­(diphenyl­phosphinometh­yl)ethane-κ3 P,P′,P′′]copper(I) tetra­fluoridoborate

In the title mononuclear CuI complex, [Cu(C18H15P)(C41H39P3)]BF4, the cation has a basic rigid core structure reminiscent of the framework of diamond. The metal atom is coordinated by four P atoms in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry, the distortion arising from the steric hindrance of the phenyl groups. The anion is disordered over two positions, with an occupancy ratio of 0.524 (17):0.476 (17). The cations and anions are closely packed in the crystal and are in h.c.p. arrangements