154 research outputs found
Robust warming pattern of global subtropical oceans and its mechanism
Author Posting. Β© American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 28 (2015): 8574β8584, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00809.1.The subsurface ocean response to anthropogenic climate forcing remains poorly characterized. From the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), a robust response of the lower thermocline is identified, where the warming is considerably weaker in the subtropics than in the tropics and high latitudes. The lower thermocline change is inversely proportional to the thermocline depth in the present climatology. Ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments show that sea surface warming is the dominant forcing for the subtropical gyre change in contrast to natural variability for which wind dominates, and the ocean response is insensitive to the spatial pattern of surface warming. An analysis based on a ventilated thermocline model shows that the pattern of the lower thermocline change can be interpreted in terms of the dynamic response to the strengthened stratification and downward heat mixing. Consequently, the subtropical gyres become intensified at the surface but weakened in the lower thermcline, consistent with results from CMIP experiments.The work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB955600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41125019, 41206021), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (AGS 1249145, 1305719).2016-05-0
Impulsive rotational Raman scattering of N2 by a remote "air laser" in femtosecond laser filament
We report on experimental realization of impulsive rotational Raman
scattering from neutral nitrogen molecules in a femtosecond laser filament
using an intense self-induced white-light seeding "air laser" generated during
the filamentation of an 800 nm Ti: Sapphire laser in nitrogen gas. The
impulsive rotational Raman fingerprint signals are observed with a maximum
conversion efficiency of ~0.8%. Our observation provides a promising way of
remote identification and location of chemical species in atmosphere by
rotational Raman scattering of molecules.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Population Redistribution among Multiple Electronic States of Molecular Nitrogen Ions in Strong Laser Fields
We carry out a combined theoretical and experimental investigation on the
population distributions in the ground and excited states of tunnel ionized N2
molecules at various driver wavelengths in the near- and mid-infrared range.
Our results reveal that efficient couplings (i.e., population exchanges)
between the ground state and the excited states occur in strong laser fields.
The couplings result in the population inversion between the ground and the
excited states at the wavelengths near 800 nm, which is verified by our
experiment by observing the amplification of a seed at ~391 nm. The result
provides insight into the mechanism of free-space nitrogen ion lasers generated
in remote air with strong femtosecond laser pulses.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure
Remote creation of strong and coherent emissions in air with two-color ultrafast laser pulses
We experimentally demonstrate generation of strong narrow-bandwidth emissions
with excellent coherent properties at ~391 nm and ~428 nm from molecular ions
of nitrogen inside a femtosecond filament in air by an orthogonally polarized
two-color driver field (i. e., 800 nm laser pulse and its second harmonic). The
durations of the coherent emissions at 391 nm and 428 nm are measured to be
~2.4 ps and ~7.8 ps respectively, both of which are much longer than the
duration of the pump and its second harmonic pulses. Furthermore, the measured
temporal decay characteristics of the excited molecular systems suggest an
"instantaneous" population inversion mechanism that may be achieved in
molecular nitrogen ions at an ultrafast time scale comparable to the 800 nm
pump pulse.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Values of prognostic nutritional index for predicting Kawasaki disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and coronary artery lesion (CAL) in Kawasaki disease (KD).MethodsThe relevant literature was searched on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to August 5, 2023. A pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the predicted values of PNI in KD patients with IVIG resistance and CAL.ResultsA total of 8 articles containing 10 studies involving 7,047 participants were included. The pooled results revealed a pooled sensitivity of 0.44 (0.25β0.65), a pooled specificity of 0.87 (0.73β0.94), a pooled PLR of 3.4 (2.0β5.9), a pooled NLR of 0.65 (0.48β0.87), a pooled DOR of 5.26 (2.76β10.02), and a pooled AUC of 0.75 (0.71β0.78) in the diagnosis of KD with CAL. The pooled results suggested that a pooled sensitivity was 0.69 (0.60β0.77), specificity was 0.76 (0.69β0.82), PLR was 2.9 (2.1β4.1), NLR was 0.40 (0.29β0.56), DOR was 7.27 (3.89β13.59), and AUC was 0.79 (0.75β0.82) in the diagnosis of KD with IVIG resistance. The combined results revealed the pooled sensitivity was 0.63 (0.58β0.67), specificity was 0.82 (0.80β0.83), PLR was 3.09 (1.06β8.98), NLR was 0.38 (0.07β2.02), DOR was 8.23 (0.81β83.16) in differentiating KD from febrile patients. These findings demonstrated low sensitivity and relatively high specificity of PNI for KD, KD-CAL, and IVIG-resistant KD.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study was the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of PNI in KD with IVIG resistance and CAL. The results suggested that PNI could be used as biomarkers for distinguish KD, KD with CAL, and KD with IVIG resistance
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