SATB2 shows different profiles between appendiceal adenocarcinomas ex goblet cell carcinoids and appendiceal/colorectal conventional adenocarcinomas: An immunohistochemical study with comparison to CDX2

Background: Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) is a novel marker for colorectal adenocarcinomas but little is known about its expression in appendiceal adenocarcinomas. We aim to investigate SATB2 in these tumors and colorectal adenocarcinomas with comparison to CDX2. Methods: Immunohistochemical stains for SATB2 and CDX2 were performed in 49 appendiceal adenocarcinomas (23 conventional, 26 adenocarcinoma ex goblet cell carcinoids (AdexGCCs)) and 57 colorectal adenocarcinomas. Their expression was correlated with tumor differentiation and growth patterns. Results: SATB2 staining was positive in 26/26 (100%) appendiceal AdexGCCs and 15/23 (65%) appendiceal conventional adenocarcinomas (P = 0.001). Their mean percentage of SATB2-positive cells was 93% and 34%, respectively (P \u3c 0.0001). CDX2 staining was seen in 26/26 (100%) AdexGCCs and 22/23 (96%) appendiceal conventional adenocarcinomas (P = 0.4694). SATB2 and CDX2 showed similar staining in AdexGCCs but CDX2 labeled more tumor cells than SATB2 in conventional adenocarcinomas (mean 84% vs. 34%, P \u3c 0.0001). SATB2 and CDX2 staining was seen in 82% (47/57) and 96% (55/57) colorectal adenocarcinomas, respectively (P = 0.01). The mean percentage of cells positive for SATB2 and CDX2 was 48% and 91%, respectively (P \u3c 0.00001). Decreased SATB2 immunoreactivity was associated with non-glandular differentiation particularly signet ring cells in colorectal (P = 0.001) and appendiceal conventional adenocarcinomas (P = 0.04) but not in appendiceal AdexGCCs. Conclusions: SATB2 is a highly sensitive marker for appendiceal AdexGCCs with similar sensitivity as CDX2. In colorectal and appendiceal conventional adenocarcinomas, SATB2 is not as sensitive as CDX2 and its immunoreactivity is dependent on tumor differentiation

Comparative proteomic and clinicopathological analysis of breast adenoid cystic carcinoma and basal-like triple-negative breast cancer

BackgroundAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of triple-negative breast cancer that has an indolent clinical behavior. Given the substantial overlapping morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features with other basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (BL-TNBC), accurate diagnosis of ACC is crucial for effective clinical treatment. The integrative analysis of the proteome and clinicopathological characteristics may help to distinguish these two neoplasms and provide a deep understanding on biological behaviors and potential target therapy of ACC.MethodsWe applied mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to analyze the protein expression in paired tumor and adjacent normal breast tissue of five ACC and five BL-TNBC. Bioinformatic analyses and the clinicopathological characteristics, including histological features, immunohistochemistry, and FISH results, were also collected to get comprehensive information.ResultsA total of 307 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between ACC and BL-TNBC. Clustering analysis of DEPs clearly separated ACC from BL-TNBC. GSEA found downregulation of the immune response of ACC compared with BL-TNBC, which is consistent with the negative PD-L1 expression of ACC. Vesicle-mediated transport was also inhibited, while ECM organization was enriched in ACC. The top upregulated proteins in DEPs were ITGB4, VCAN, and DPT. Moreover, in comparison with normal breast tissue, ACC showed elevated ribosome biogenesis and RNA splicing activity.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that ACC presents a substantially different proteomic profile compared with BL-TNBC and promotes our understanding on the molecular mechanisms and biological processes of ACC, which might be useful for differential diagnosis and anticancer strategy

SVC bit stream extraction and its applications

Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is the scalable extension of H.264/AVC which extends spatial, temporal and quality scalability on the H.264 video stream. In this thesis, a fast priority index (PID) assignment algorithm is first developed for the MGS (Medium Grain Scalability) packets in SVC. We formulate the index assignment problem as the quantization of the rate-distortion (R-D) slopes of MGS packets, and use the Lloyd-Max algorithm to find the optimal solution. The slope quantization index of a packet is used as its PID. The complexity of our method is much lower than existing method. The quantization-based PIDs facilitate the comparisons of packets from different video streams. Video multiplexing results show that the overall PSNR can be improved up to 1 dB. A fair Peer-to-Peer (P2P) scalable video streaming scheme is also proposed in this thesis. To improve the quality fairness of multiple video streams, we modify our fast PID assignment method where the base-layer quality is also embedded in the Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message of the SVC bit stream, in addition to the quantized rate-distortion slope of each MGS packet. To build a fair ”contribute-and-reward” mechanism for P2P video streaming, we propose a multi-hierarchical topology that is based on peers’ uploading bandwidth. Finally, we combine these two parts to build a SVC-based P2P network, which fully utilizes the quality scalability of SVC, and the end-user quality is determined by its uploading bandwidth contribution. We also propose a caching mechanism for SVC video streaming in the P2P network based on the instant supply and demand estimation. We generalize the previous work from the literature into the SVC case and get the estimation formulation of the supply and demand in SVC video streaming on P2P network. We found that SVC video streaming can further reduce the normalized traffic load from the server compared with AVC video streaming in the same caching strategy set-up

Ethnicity-specific association between TERT rs2736100 (A > C) polymorphism and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Abstract The rs2736100 (A > C) polymorphism of the second intron of Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been confirmed to be closely associated with the risk of Lung cancer (LC), but there is still no unified conclusion on the results of its association with LC. This study included Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and case–control studies reported so far on this association between TERT rs2736100 polymorphism and LC to clarify such a correlation with LC and the differences in it between different ethnicities and different types of LC. Relevant literatures published before May 7, 2022 on ‘TERT rs2736100 polymorphism and LC susceptibility’ in PubMed, EMbase, CENTRAL, MEDLINE databases were searched through the Internet, and data were extracted. Statistical analysis of data was performed in Revman5.3 software, including drawing forest diagrams, drawing funnel diagrams and so on. Sensitivity and publication bias analysis were performed in Stata 12.0 software. The C allele of TERT rs2736100 was associated with the risk of LC (Overall population: [OR] = 1.21, 95%CI [1.17, 1.25]; Caucasians: [OR] = 1.11, 95%CI [1.06, 1.17]; Asians: [OR] = 1.26, 95%CI [1.21, 1.30]), and Asians had a higher risk of LC than Caucasians (C vs. A: Caucasians: [OR] = 1.11 /Asians: [OR]) = 1.26). The other gene models also showed similar results. The results of stratified analysis of LC patients showed that the C allele was associated with the risk of Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and the risk of NSCLC and LUAD in Asians was higher than that in Caucasians. The C allele was associated with the risk of Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and Small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC) in Asians but not in Caucasians. NSCLC patients ([OR] = 1.27) had a stronger correlation than SCLC patients ([OR] = 1.03), and LUAD patients ([OR] = 1.32) had a stronger correlation than LUSC patients ([OR] = 1.09).In addition, the C allele of TERT rs2736100 was associated with the risk of LC, NSCLC and LUAD in both smoking groups and non-smoking groups, and the risk of LC in non-smokers of different ethnic groups was higher than that in smokers. In the Asians, non-smoking women were more at risk of developing LUAD. The C allele of TERT rs2736100 is a risk factor for LC, NSCLC, and LUAD in different ethnic groups, and the Asian population is at a more common risk. The C allele is a risk factor for LUSC and SCLC in Asians but not in Caucasians. And smoking is not the most critical factor that causes variation in TERT rs2736100 to increase the risk of most LC (NSCLC, LUAD). Therefore, LC is a multi-etiological disease caused by a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors

Naphthoquinone-Based Meroterpenoids from Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. B9173

Naphthoquinone-based meroterpenoids are hybrid polyketide-terpenoid natural products with chemical diversity and a broad range of biological activities. Here, we report the isolation of a group of naphthoquinone-containing compounds from Streptomyces sp. B9173, and their structures were elucidated by using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including 1D, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass (HRMS) analysis. Seven flaviogeranin congeners or intermediates, three of which were new, have been derived from common naphthoquinone backbone and subsequent oxidation, methylation, prenylation, and amino group incorporation. Both flaviogeranin B1 (1) and B (2) contain an amino group which was incorporated into the C8 of 1,3,6,8-terhydroxynaphthalene (THN). Flaviogeranin D (3) contains an intact C-geranylgeranyl residue attached to the C2 of THN, while the O-geranylgeranyl group of 2 links with the hydroxyl on the C2 site of THN. Four compounds were selected and tested for antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity, with 3 and flaviogeranin C2 (5) displaying potent activity against selected bacteria and cancer cell lines. In light of the structure features of isolated compounds and the biosynthetic genes, a biosynthetic pathway of naphthoquinone-based flaviogeranins has been proposed. These isolated compounds not only extend the structural diversity but also represent new insights into the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone-based meroterpenoids

Regulation of anionic lipids in binary membrane upon the adsorption of polyelectrolyte: A Monte Carlo simulation

We employ Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the interaction between an adsorbing linear flexible cationic polyelectrolyte and a binary fluid membrane. The membrane contains neutral phosphatidyl–choline, PC) and multivalent anionic (phosphatidylinositol, PIP2) lipids. We systematically study the influences of the solution ionic strength, the chain length and the bead charge density of the polyelectrolyte on the lateral rearrangement and the restricted mobility of the multivalent anionic lipids in the membrane. Our findings show that, the cooperativity effect and the electrostatic interaction of the polyelectrolyte beads can significantly affect the segregation extent and the concentration gradients of the PIP2 molecules, and further cooperate to induce the complicated hierarchical mobility behaviors of PIP2 molecules. In addition, when the polyelectrolyte brings a large amount of charges, it can form a robust electrostatic well to trap all PIP2 and results in local overcharge of the membrane. This work presents a mechanism to explain the membrane heterogeneity formation induced by the adsorption of charged macromolecule

Effects of nanopore size on the flow-induced star polymer translocation

We study the effects of the nanopore size on the flow-induced capture of the star polymer by a nanopore and the afterward translocation, using a hybrid simulation method that couples point particles into a fluctuating lattice-Boltzmann fluid. Our simulation demonstrates that the optimal forward arm number decreases slowly with the increase of the length of the nanopore. Compared to the minor effect of the length of the nanopore, the optimal forward arm number obviously increases with the increase of the width of the nanopore, which can clarify the current controversial issue for the optimal forward arm number between the theory and experiments. In addition, our results indicate that the critical velocity flux of the star polymer is independent of the nanopore size. Our work bridges the experimental results and the theoretical understanding, which can provide comprehensive insights for the characterization and the purification of the star polymers