Hunting for Extremely Faint Planetary Nebulae in the SDSS Spectroscopic Database

Using ~1,700,000 target- and sky-fiber spectra from the SDSS, we have carried out a systematic search for Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe) via detections of the [OIII] 4959, 5007 lines. Thanks to the excellent sensitivity of the SDSS spectroscopic surveys, this is by far the deepest search for PNe ever taken, reaching a surface brightness of the [OIII] 5007 line down to about 29.0 mag./arcsec^2. The search recovers 13 previously known PNe in the Galactic Caps. In total, 44 new PN candidates are identified, including 7 candidates of multiple detections and 37 candidates of single detection. The 7 candidates of multiple detections are all extremely large (between 21' - 154') and faint, located mostly in the low Galactic latitude region and with a kinematics similar to disk stars. After checking their images in Ha and other bands, three of them are probably HII regions, one is probably associated with a new supernova remnant, another one is possibly a true PN, and the remaining two could be either PNe or supernova remnants. Based on sky positions and kinematics, 7 candidates of single detection probably belong to the halo population. If confirmed, they will increase the number of known PNe in the Galactic halo significantly. All the newly identified PN candidates are very faint, with a surface brightness of the [OIII] 5007 line between 27.0 - 30.0 mag./arcsec^2, very challenging to be discovered with previous techniques and thus may greatly increase the number of "missing" faint PNe. Our results demonstrate the power of large scale fiber spectroscopy in hunting for ultra-faint PNe and other types of emission line nebulae. Combining the large spectral databases provided by the SDSS and other on-going projects (e.g. the LAMOST Galactic surveys), it is possible to build a statistically meaningful sample of ultra-faint, large, evolved PNe, thus improving the census of Galactic PNe.Comment: 23 pages, 1 table and 16 figures. MNRAS accepted. High resolution version and online-only material may be found at http://kiaa.pku.edu.cn/DSSGAC/YL13_pne_sdss.pd

Stellar loci I. Metallicity dependence and intrinsic widths

Stellar loci are widely used for selection of interesting outliers, reddening determinations, and calibrations. However, hitherto the dependence of stellar loci on metallicity has not been fully explored and their intrinsic widths are unclear. In this paper, by combining the spectroscopic and re-calibrated imaging data of the SDSS Stripe 82, we have built a large, clean sample of dwarf stars with accurate colors and well determined metallicities to investigate the metallicity dependence and intrinsic widths of the SDSS stellar loci. Typically, one dex decrease in metallicity causes 0.20 and 0.02 mag decrease in colors u-g and g-r, and 0.02 and 0.02 mag increase in colors r-i and i-z, respectively. The variations are larger for metal-rich stars than for metal-poor ones, and for F/G/K stars than for A/M ones. Using the sample, we have performed two dimensional polynomial fitting to the u-g, g-r, r-i, and i-z colors as a function of color g-i and metallicity [Fe/H]. The residuals, at the level of 0.029, 0.008, 0.008 and 0.011 mag for the u-g, g-r, r-i, and i-z colors, respectively can be fully accounted for by the photometric errors and metallicity uncertainties, suggesting that the intrinsic widths of the loci are at maximum a few mmag. The residual distributions are asymmetric, revealing that a significant fraction of stars are binaries. In a companion paper, we will present an unbiased estimate of the binary fraction for field stars. Other potential applications of the metallicity dependent stellar loci are briefly discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, ApJ in pres

Stellar loci III: Photometric metallicities for half million FGK stars of Stripe 82

We develop a method to estimate photometric metallicities by simultaneously fitting the dereddened colors u-g, g-r, r-i and i-z from the SDSS with those predicted by the metallicity-dependent stellar loci. The method is tested with a spectroscopic sample of main-sequence stars in Stripe 82 selected from the SDSS DR9 and three open clusters. With 1 per cent photometry, the method is capable of delivering photometric metallicities precise to about 0.05, 0.12, and 0.18 dex at metallicities of 0.0, -1.0, and -2.0, respectively, comparable to the precision achievable with low-resolution spectroscopy at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. We apply this method to the re-calibrated Stripe 82 catalog and derive metallicities for about 0.5 million stars of colors 0.3 < g-i < 1.6 mag and distances between 0.3 -- 18 kpc. Potential systematics in the metallicities thus derived, due to the contamination of giants and binaries, are investigated. Photometric distances are also calculated. About 91, 72, and 53 per cent of the sample stars are brighter than r = 20.5, 19.5, and 18.5 mag, respectively. The median metallicity errors are around 0.19, 0.16, 0.11, and 0.085 dex for the whole sample, and for stars brighter than r = 20.5, 19.5, and 18.5 mag, respectively. The median distance errors are 8.8, 8.4, 7.7, and 7.3 per cent for the aforementioned four groups of stars, respectively. The data are publicly available. Potential applications of the data in studies of the distribution, (sub)structure, and chemistry of the Galactic stellar populations, are briefly discussed. The results will be presented in future papers.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, ApJ accepte

Information-Coupled Turbo Codes for LTE Systems

We propose a new class of information-coupled (IC) Turbo codes to improve the transport block (TB) error rate performance for long-term evolution (LTE) systems, while keeping the hybrid automatic repeat request protocol and the Turbo decoder for each code block (CB) unchanged. In the proposed codes, every two consecutive CBs in a TB are coupled together by sharing a few common information bits. We propose a feed-forward and feed-back decoding scheme and a windowed (WD) decoding scheme for decoding the whole TB by exploiting the coupled information between CBs. Both decoding schemes achieve a considerable signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) gain compared to the LTE Turbo codes. We construct the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) functions for the LTE Turbo codes and our proposed IC Turbo codes from the EXIT functions of underlying convolutional codes. An SNR gain upper bound of our proposed codes over the LTE Turbo codes is derived and calculated by the constructed EXIT charts. Numerical results show that the proposed codes achieve an SNR gain of 0.25 dB to 0.72 dB for various code parameters at a TB error rate level of $10^{-2}$, which complies with the derived SNR gain upper bound.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure