Urban planning and planning education under economic reform in China

Includes bibliographical references.Selection of papers from the China Urban Planning and Planning Education Conference (on 13-17 December 1993 in Zhongshan University, Guangzhou) and invited papers.Some text in Chinese.published_or_final_versio

PGC-1 α

Aim. To investigate the effect of Tongxinluo (Txl), a Chinese herbal compound, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods and Results. Diabetic rat model was established by peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Txl ultrafine powder treatment for 16 weeks from the baseline significantly reversed the impairment of motor nerve conductive velocity (MNCV), mechanical hyperalgesia, and nerve structure. We further proved that Tongxinluo upregulates PGC-1α and its downstream factors including COX IV and SOD, which were involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion. Our study indicates that the protective effect of Txl in diabetic neuropathy may be attributed to the induction of PGC-1α and its downstream targets. This finding may further illustrate the pleiotropic effect of the medicine

Analysis of Minimum Numbers of Linearly Active S-Boxes of a Class of Generalized Feistel Block Ciphers

For a class of generalized Feistel block ciphers, an explicit recurrent formula for the minimum numbers of linearly active $S$-boxes of any round $r$ is presented

Different physiopsychological changes between AMSsusceptible and AMS-resistant pre-selected Antarctic expeditioners in Tibet

Through dynamically monitoring changes of acute mountain sickness (AMS) occurrences, cardiopulmonary function and mood states from Shanghai (4 m) to Lhasa (3650 m) and Yambajan (4300 m), Tibet, we obtained physiopsychological data of the 37th Chinese Antarctic pre-selected expeditioners for Kunlun Station. Through analyzing different physiopsychological changes between AMS-susceptible (AMS-S) and AMS-resistant (AMS-R) expeditioners, we would explore indicators to screen hypoxia-susceptible expeditioners. According to AMS occurrences evaluated by Lake Louise Score (LLS) in Yambajan, we divided the expeditioners (n=24, 31.92±5.76 a) into AMS-S and AMS-R groups. Using a series of medical instruments and questionnaires, we monitored their cardiopulmonary function and mood states, and analyzed the differences of physiopsychological parameters between AMS-S and AMS-R groups. Compared with Shanghai, when expeditioners arrived in Yambajan, in both AMS-S and AMS-R groups, oxygen saturation (SpO2) significantly decreased, and blood pressure significantly increased (P<0.05). As for electrocardiogram (ECG), interval from the beginning to the end of QRS complex wave (QRS), interval from the beginning of QRS complex wave to the end of T wave (QT), interval between 2 adjacent P waves (PP) and interval between 2 adjacent R waves (RR) significantly decreased, heart rate (HR) and HR-corrected QT interval (QTc) significantly increased (P<0.05). Cardiac contractility and pumping function significantly decreased, systemic vascular resistance significantly increased (P<0.05). Pulmonary airway patency significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with AMS-R group, AMS-S group showed significantly lower SpO2 and higher stroke volume variation (SVV) in Shanghai, however, significantly lower maximal expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (MEF75), higher levels of anxiety, fatigue and confusion in Yambajan (P<0.05). In conclusion, when expeditioners arrived at 4300 m, their cardiopulmonary function and mood states changed significantly. SpO2, SVV, MEF75, anxiety, fatigue and confusion maybe could be used as clues for screening hypoxia-susceptible individuals

On the mechanism of the cyclonic circulation in the Gulf of Tonkin in the summer

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): C09029, doi:10.1029/2007JC004208.The circulation in the Gulf of Tonkin had been traditionally considered to be anticyclonic in the summer. This view was challenged recently by results from reanalyzing observational data, which clearly revealed that the circulation is cyclonic in all seasons. The surface wind stress is monsoonal, southwesterly in the summer and reversed in the winter. It remains unexplained why the circulation is always cyclonic, while the surface forcing reverses seasonally. In this study, we hypothesize that the inflow through Qiongzhou Strait, a shallow and narrow channel between Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland, is responsible for maintaining the cyclonic circulation in the summer. Besides the requirements of mass conservation and bathymetry constraint, this flow, even with a rather small transport, carries a considerable amount of potential vorticity (PV) into the gulf, and the integral constraint of PV requires the presence of a frictional torque to be associated with a cyclonic circulation. Several numerical experiments with a three-dimensional model have been conducted to test this hypothesis. When the westward flow through Qiongzhou Strait is blocked, the model simulates an anticyclonic circulation in the summer. When the westward flow through Qiongzhou Strait is allowed, the circulation changes to a cyclonic one, consistent with our hypothesis.This study is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under contract 2005CB422302 and 2007CB411804, the key project of the International Science and Technology Cooperation program of China under contract 2006DFB21250, and the 111 project under contract B07036

An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current : 2. Arrested topographic waves in response to the northwesterly wind

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C04027, doi:10.1029/2010JC006514.A warm and salty water mass exists along the Yellow Sea Trough (YST) in winter. This oceanic water mass is distinct from the ambient shelf water and is distributed on the western side of the YST. It has long been reasoned that a Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) must exist. A recent observational study indeed supports the existence of the YSWC and shows that its position moved progressively westward as the warm water intrudes further shoreward toward the northwest. In this paper, we explain mechanisms for sustaining the YSWC and for its westward displacement. The northwesterly monsoonal wind prevails in the winter and is directed against the YSWC. The cross-trough scale is small compared with the spatial scale of monsoonal variation, so one can assume, to the first order, that the wind stress is uniform across the trough. The curl of depth-averaged wind stress has opposite signs on the two sides of the trough. Consequently, two oppositely rotating gyres develop initially and they converge along the trough giving rise to a barotropic upwind flow. But this upwind flow lasts only for a few days as the two gyres evolve and propagate as topographic waves. For a northerly wind, both gyres move westward since the positive (negative) potential vorticity flux on the western (eastern) side of the trough pushes the water toward shore (trough). If the bottom friction is negligible, the steady response becomes a large anticyclonic gyre over the trough and the upwind current is squeezed toward the shore line. In this case, no YSWC is sustained along or near the trough. This runaway warm current can be arrested by a moderate bottom friction. We therefore propose that the YSWC is actually arrested topographic waves in response to local wind stress forcing.X.L. has been supported by China’s National Basic Research Priorities Programmer (2007CB411804 and 2005CB422303), the Ministry of Education’s 111 Project (B07036), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NECT‐07‐ 0781), and the China National Science Foundation (40976004, 40921004, and 40930844). J.Y. has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Coastal Ocean Institute

Characterization of Lenticulostriate Arteries and Its Associations With Vascular Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Elderly

Lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) supply blood to important subcortical areas and are, therefore, essential for maintaining the optimal functioning of the brain’s most metabolically active nuclei. Past studies have demonstrated the potential for quantifying the morphology of LSAs as biomarkers of vascular fragility or underlying arteriopathies. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the morphological features of LSAs, their potential value in cerebrovascular risk stratification, and their concordance with other vascular risk factors in community-dwelling elderly people. A total of 125 community-dwelling elderly subjects who underwent a brain MRI scan were selected from our prospectively collected imaging database. The morphological measures of LSAs were calculated on the vascular skeletons obtained by manual tracing, and the number of LSAs was counted. Additionally, imaging biomarkers of small vessel disease were evaluated, and the diameters of major cerebral arteries were measured. The effects of vascular risk factors on LSA morphometry, as well as the relationship between LSA measures and other imaging biomarkers, were investigated. We found that smokers had shorter (p = 0.04) and straighter LSAs (p &lt; 0.01) compared to nonsmokers, and the presence of hypertension is associated with less tortuous LSAs (p = 0.03) in community-dwelling elderly. Moreover, the middle cerebral artery diameter was positively correlated with LSA count (r = 0.278, p = 0.025) and vessel tortuosity (r = 0.257, p = 0.04). The posterior cerebral artery diameter was positively correlated with vessel tortuosity and vessel length. Considering the scarcity of noninvasive methods for measuring small artery abnormalities in the brain, the LSA morphological measures may provide valuable information to better understand cerebral small vessel degeneration during aging