Erlebte Rede in der literarischen Übersetzung – am Beispiel von Robert Musil, Franz Kafka und Lu Xun

Erlebte Rede ist ein Verbindungsglied zwischen einzelnen Textstellen und der gesamten Interpretation, zwischen linguistischen Merkmalen und dem literarischen Stil, ein vielfältig einsetzbares Werkzeug für erzählerische Kontrolle und übersetzerische Beeinflussung. Die folgende Arbeit setzt sich zum Ziel, das literarische Phänomen „erlebte Rede“ mit seiner Übersetzungsproblematik zu untersuchen, das fast zur gleichen Zeit in Europa und China zu einer wichtigen Ausdrucksform und Erzähltechnik bei verschiedenen Autoren der Weltliteratur geworden ist, und gewinnt dadurch wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzbarkeit der modernen Literatur. Europäische und chinesische erlebte Rede sind funktionale Äquivalenzen, deshalb sind sie im Prinzip übersetzbar, aber typologische Spracheigenschaften haben Konsequenzen für die Übersetzung. Unübersetzbarkeit betrifft hauptsächlich sprachspezifische Bereiche. Wenn die Kunstfertigkeit z. B. aus der Ausnützung der Mehrdeutigkeiten der Sprache gebaut wird, ist Unübersetzbarkeit textimmanent, sie ist ein Zeichen der Literarizität. Die kulturspezifischen Bereiche stellen eine weitere Barriere dar. Bei der Ambiguität der untersuchten Autoren ist fast jede Übersetzung zwangsläufig eine Interpretation. Die Übersetzer vermitteln ihre eigene „Lesart“, und die Ausdrucksverschiebungen zeigen ihren Weg durch das Labyrinth der Ambivalenz dieser Werke, der als große Leistung zu würdigen ist

Study on the project supervision system based on the principal-agent theory

Purpose: In order to solve problems in the current project management system, the paper presents the asymmetric information games existing in construction projects through information economics viewpoints. Design/methodology/approach: The owner has private information about the project profitability and he exerts an unobservable level of effort in order to increase the feasibility of successfully completing the project in terms of meeting product specifications. The paper analyzes the principal-agent relationship between the owner and supervisor with “principal-agent theory” of the game theory. In addition, the paper validates the model through two project cases. Findings: We can conclude that the incentive contract plays an important role in reducing the moral hazard. The main contribution of this studyis to examine the influence of both pre-contractual private information and the sensitivities between the interrelated performance measures on the design of an optimal incentive contract. Social implications: At last, some advices are put forward to advance the project management system in China, and some external mechanism can effectively inhibit the"moral hazard" and "adverse selection" to occur. Originality/value: A model of principal-agent relationship between the owner and supervisor is formulated. This model takes consideration of the moral hazard, which isdifferent from most existing researches in this field.Peer Reviewe

Some q-rung orthopair fuzzy Muirhead means with their application to multi-attribute group decision making

Recently proposed q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) is a powerful and effective tool to describe fuzziness, uncertainty and vagueness. The prominent feature of q-ROFS is that the sum and square sum of membership and non-membership degrees are allowed to be greater than one with the sum of qth power of the membership degree and qth power of the non-membership degree is less than or equal to one. This characteristic makes q-ROFS more powerful and useful than intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS). The aim of this paper is to develop some aggregation operators for fusing q-rung orthopair fuzzy information. As the Muirhead mean (MM) is considered as a useful aggregation technology which can capture interrelationships among all aggregated arguments, we extend the MM to q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment and propose a family of q-rung orthopair fuzzy Muirhead mean operators. Moreover, we investigate some desirable properties and special cases of the proposed operators. Further, we apply the proposed operators to solve multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems. Finally, a numerical instance as well as some comparative analysis are provided to demonstrate the validity and superiorities of the proposed method

Anthropogenic impact on diazotrophic diversity in the mangrove rhizosphere revealed by nifH pyrosequencing

Diazotrophs in the mangrove rhizosphere play a major role in providing new nitrogen to the mangrove ecosystem and their composition and activity are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity and ecological conditions. In this study, the diversity of the diazotroph communities in the rhizosphere sediment of five tropical mangrove sites with different levels of pollution along the north and south coastline of Singapore were studied by pyrosequencing of the nifH gene. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that in all the studied locations, the diazotroph communities comprised mainly of members of the diazotrophic cluster I and cluster III. The detected cluster III diazotrophs, which were composed entirely of sulfate-reducing bacteria, were more abundant in the less polluted locations. The metabolic capacities of these diazotrophs indicate the potential for bioremediation and resiliency of the ecosystem to anthropogenic impact. In heavily polluted locations, the diazotrophic community structures were markedly different and the diversity of species was significantly reduced when compared with those in a pristine location. This, together with the increased abundance of Marinobacterium, which is a bioindicator of pollution, suggests that anthropogenic activity has a negative impact on the genetic diversity of diazotrophs in the mangrove rhizosphere

Nanoporous Structure of Sintered Metal Powder Heat Exchanger in Dilution Refrigeration: A Numerical Study

We use LAMMPS to randomly pack hard spheres to simulate the heat exchanger, where the hard spheres represent sintered metal particles in the heat exchanger. We simulated the heat exchanger under different sphere radii and different packing fractions of the metal particle and researched pore space. To improve the performance of the heat exchanger, we adopted this simulation method to explore when the packing fraction is 65%, the optimal sintering particle radius in the heat exchanger is 30~35nm.Comment: 5 pages,3 figures, one tabl

A Super-resolution Reconstruction Method of Remotely Sensed Image Based on Sparse Representation

The traditional method of image super-resolution reconstruction uses the sub-pixel displacement information between multi-frame low-resolution images to reconstruct a high-resolution image. Image super-resolution reconstruction is a typical mathematical inverse problem, and it is ill-posed problem [1]. To solve this problem, prior knowledge of data or question should be added. As the latest development achievements of signal priori or modeling, sparse representation of the signal has been studied in depth in the field of image processing. Super-resolution reconstruction based on sparse representation can improve the image quality and get richer image details [8]. Due to the sparse representation of image reconstruction has strong priority, this paper focuses on super-resolution reconstruction of the single frame remotely sensed image based on sparse representation. Compared with other algorithms, it is proved that the super-resolution reconstruction algorithm based on sparse representation has advantages in remotely sensed image reconstruction

An Integrated Clinical-mRNA-lncRNA-miRNA Signature for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Prognosis

An increasing number of evidence suggests that clinical variables alone are not enough to predict the survival of patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and the expression of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) also plays an important role in the onset of MIBC. This study aims to establish a more accurate model for predicting the overall survival of MIBC based on clinical information and genetic characteristics. In this study, the RNAs profiles and clinical variable data of patients with MIBC were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate Cox regression analysis, differential expression analysis and elastic net-regulated Cox regression analysis were used to identify the clinical variables and RNAs (mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs) related to the prognosis of MIBC. Prognostic models of MIBC were established by multivariate Cox regression and ridge regression analysis using the identified prognostic clinical variables and RNAs. Three clinical variables, 25 mRNAs, 3 lncRNAs and 2 miRNAs related to the prognosis of MIBC were identified, and an integrated signature, a clinical variable signature, and an mRNA-lncRNA-miRNA signature were established based on the identified clinical variables and/or RNAs. Among the three models, the integrated signature had the highest predictive accuracy (5-year the area under the curve (AUC)=0.835, 95%CI:0.776-0.894) among the three models (P 0.05). The patients in the TCGA MIBC cohort were classified into high- or low-risk groups by the integrated signature, and it was found that the patients in the low-risk group had a significantly longer overall survival time compared with the patients in the high-risk group (P 0.001). Applying published gene signatures and TCGA data, a new and more accurate integrated clinical-mRNA-lncRNA-miRNA signature for MIBC prognostic was established