Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Polyacrylonitrile Carbon Nanostructure Microspheres for Supercapacitor Application

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon nanostructure microspheres (CNM) with the average particle size of 200 nm were prepared in the range of 500 to 800°C. The precursors of CNM were obtained through soap-free emulsion polymerization followed by freeze drying, oxidative stabilization, and half-carbonization. KOH was employed as the activation agent of the precursor material, and the ratio between KOH and the precursor was selected as 2 : 1. The element content, pore structure, nitrogen-containing functional groups, and microstructure characterization were characterized via elemental analysis, N2 adsorption at low temperature, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the electrochemical properties were examined as well. The results revealed that the CNM displayed specific surface area as high as 2134 m2/g and the total pore volume could reach 2.01 cm3/g when the activation temperature was 700°C. Furthermore, its specific capacitance in 3 M KOH and 1 M organic electrolyte could reach 311 F/g and 179 F/g, respectively. And, also, abundant functional groups of N-5 and N-6 were rich in the surface of the material, which could cause Faraday reaction and got the increasing specific capacitance via improvement of the wettability of the electrode material

Early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in subjects with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes

Background: We aimed to investigate early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in populations with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes. Materials and methods: A total of 148 participants who did not have diabetes mellitus were assigned to three groups through an oral glucose tolerance test: the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group; the impaired glucose regulation, also known as prediabetes group and the new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus group. The insulin resistance index was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). An ELISA was used to determine the level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). An arteriosclerosis detector was used to measure the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI). The baPWV, ABI, and FGF21 were used to assess early arteriosclerosis. Results: Significant differences in age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fa sting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), 2-h insulin (2hINS), and HOMA-IR were found between the NGT group and the prediabetes and new-onset diabetes groups. All of the above, except 2hINS, showed an increasing trend. Moreover, the FGF21 was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the NGT group. The baPWV was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the other two groups, but no s ignificant difference was noted in the ABI. Age, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, 2hPG, and FGF21 were positively correlated with the baPWV. In addition, FPG, SBP, FGF21, and HOMA-IR were independent risk factors for the baPWV. Conclusions: Patients with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes may have more significant early arteriosclerosis. The blood glucose level and insulin resistance index may be independent risk factors for early arteriosclerosis

A novel method of interference source direction-finding with an existing single antenna beam in communication satellites

Interference has recently become a critical factor in communication satellite performance, and the interference source location is one of the most important factors in resolving this issue. The article proposes an innovative method of interference source direction-finding suitable for communication satellites with an existing single antenna beam and single radio frequency (RF) channel, which utilizes the symmetry of the antenna pattern to search for interference sources. Compared to traditional position methods with time-frequency-synchronized multi-satellites or a directing antenna array in a single satellite, the method does not require any particular direction-finding payload in communication satellites and shares existing antennas and RF channels with communication systems in satellites. The ability to find the direction of the interference source is a software-defined function in the communication processor. The proposed method provides a novel way to solve the problems of interference source direction-finding with the least engineering complexity, and it has excellent coexistence with other existing systems in communication satellites. The computer simulation and out-field experiment results in this article show that the method has excellent performance with high direction-finding resolution within extensive coverage, offering significant value and bright prospects for resolving the growing interference issues in communication satellites

A Novel Splicing Mutation Alters DSPP Transcription and Leads to Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) type II is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by a serious disorders in teeth. Mutations of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene were revealed to be the causation of DGI type II (DGI-II). In this study, we identified a novel mutation (NG_011595.1:g.8662T>C, c.135+2T>C) lying in the splice donor site of intron 3 of DSPP gene in a Chinese Han DGI-II pedigree. It was found in all affected subjects but not in unaffected ones or other unrelated healthy controls. The function of the mutant DSPP gene, which was predicted online and subsequently confirmed by in vitro splicing analysis, was the loss of splicing of intron 3, leading to the extended length of DSPP mRNA. For the first time, the functional non-splicing of intron was revealed in a novel DSPP mutation and was considered as the causation of DGI-II. It was also indicated that splicing was of key importance to the function of DSPP and this splice donor site might be a sensitive mutation hot spot. Our findings combined with other reports would facilitate the genetic diagnosis of DGI-II, shed light on its gene therapy and help to finally conquer human diseases

PADC nuclear track detector for ion spectroscopy in laser-plasma acceleration

[EN] The transparent polymer polyallyl-diglycol-carbonate (PADC), also known as CR-39, is widely used as detector for heavy charged particles at low fluence. It allows for detection of single protons and ions via formation of microscopic tracks after etching in NaOH or KOH solutions. PADC combines a high sensitivity and high specificity with inertness towards electromagnetic noise. Present fields of application include laser-ion acceleration, inertial confinement fusion, radiobiological studies with cell cultures, and dosimetry of nuclear fragments in particle therapy. These require precise knowledge of the energy-dependent response of PADC to different ion species. We present calibration data for a new type of detector material, Radosys RS39, to protons (0.2-3 MeV) and carbon ions (0.6-12 MeV). RS39 is less sensitive to protons than other types of PADC. Its response to carbon ions, however, is similar to other materials. Our data indicate that RS39 allows for measuring carbon ion energies up to 10 MeV only from the track diameters. In addition, it can be used for discrimination between protons and carbon ions in a single etching process.Project funded by CSIC, Grant No. 2018501082, and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, project MdM-2016-0692-17-2 via a predoctoral grant of type Maria de Maeztu FPI. Nuclear track detector material and readout equipment have been provided by Radosys Ldt. (Budapest). The authors acknowledge the contributions and commitment of the CNA accelerator operators. MS would like to thank L. Ballesteros and J. Ortiz for their support with precision equipment.Seimetz, M.; Peñas, J.; Llerena, JJ.; Benlliure, J.; García López, J.; Millán-Callado, MA.; Benlloch Baviera, JM. (2020). PADC nuclear track detector for ion spectroscopy in laser-plasma acceleration. Physica Medica. 76:72-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.06.005S727676Kodaira, S., Kitamura, H., Kurano, M., Kawashima, H., & Benton, E. R. (2019). Contribution to dose in healthy tissue from secondary target fragments in therapeutic proton, He and C beams measured with CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39598-0Scampoli, P., Casale, M., Durante, M., Grossi, G., Pugliese, M., & Gialanella, G. (2001). Low-energy light ion irradiation beam-line for radiobiological studies. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 174(3), 337-343. doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(00)00622-4WADA, S., KOBAYASHI, Y., FUNAYAMA, T., NATSUHORI, M., ITO, N., & YAMAMOTO, K. (2002). Detection of DNA Damage in Individual Cells Induced by Heavy-ion Irradiation with an Non-denaturing Comet Assay. Journal of Radiation Research, 43(S), S153-S156. doi:10.1269/jrr.43.s153Gaillard, S., Pusset, D., de Toledo, S. M., Azzam, E. I., & Fromm, M. (2008). Distance distribution of bystander effects in alpha-particle irradiated cell populations using a CR-39-based culture dish. Radiation Measurements, 43, S34-S40. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.03.063Yogo, A., Maeda, T., Hori, T., Sakaki, H., Ogura, K., Nishiuchi, M., … Kondo, K. (2011). Measurement of relative biological effectiveness of protons in human cancer cells using a laser-driven quasimonoenergetic proton beamline. Applied Physics Letters, 98(5), 053701. doi:10.1063/1.3551623Séguin, F. H., Frenje, J. A., Li, C. K., Hicks, D. G., Kurebayashi, S., Rygg, J. R., … Padalino, S. (2003). Spectrometry of charged particles from inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas. Review of Scientific Instruments, 74(2), 975-995. doi:10.1063/1.1518141Daido, H., Nishiuchi, M., & Pirozhkov, A. S. (2012). Review of laser-driven ion sources and their applications. Reports on Progress in Physics, 75(5), 056401. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/5/056401Sinenian, N., Rosenberg, M. J., Manuel, M., McDuffee, S. C., Casey, D. T., Zylstra, A. B., … Petrasso, R. D. (2011). The response of CR-39 nuclear track detector to 1–9 MeV protons. Review of Scientific Instruments, 82(10), 103303. doi:10.1063/1.3653549Malinowska A, Szydłowski A, Jaskóła M, Korman A, Sartowska B, Kuehn T, Kuk M. Investigations of protons passing through the CR-39/PM-355 type of solid state nuclear track detectors, Rev Sci Instrum 84 (2013) 073511.Baccou, C., Yahia, V., Depierreux, S., Neuville, C., Goyon, C., Consoli, F., … Labaune, C. (2015). CR-39 track detector calibration for H, He, and C ions from 0.1-0.5 MeV up to 5 MeV for laser-induced nuclear fusion product identification. Review of Scientific Instruments, 86(8), 083307. doi:10.1063/1.4927684Seimetz, M., Bellido, P., García, P., Mur, P., Iborra, A., Soriano, A., … Benlloch, J. M. (2018). Spectral characterization of laser-accelerated protons with CR-39 nuclear track detector. Review of Scientific Instruments, 89(2), 023302. doi:10.1063/1.5009587Xiaojiao, D., Xiaofei, L., Zhixin, T., Yongsheng, H., Shilun, G., Dawei, Y., & Naiyan, W. (2009). Calibration of CR-39 with monoenergetic protons. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 609(2-3), 190-193. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2009.08.061Kodaira, S., Morishige, K., Kawashima, H., Kitamura, H., Kurano, M., Hasebe, N., … Ogura, K. (2016). A performance test of a new high-surface-quality and high-sensitivity CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector – TechnoTrak. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 383, 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2016.07.002Ogura, K., Asano, M., Yasuda, N., & Yoshida, M. (2001). Properties of TNF-1 track etch detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 185(1-4), 222-227. doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00816-3Malinowska, A., Jaskóła, M., Korman, A., Szydłowski, A., & Kuk, M. (2014). Characterization of solid state nuclear track detectors of the polyallyl-diglycol-carbonate (CR-39/PM-355) type for light charged particle spectroscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments, 85(12), 123505. doi:10.1063/1.4903755Bahrami, F., Mianji, F., Faghihi, R., Taheri, M., & Ansarinejad, A. (2016). Response of CR-39 to 0.9–2.5 MeV protons for KOH and NaOH etching solutions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 813, 96-101. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.015Jeong, T. W., Singh, P. K., Scullion, C., Ahmed, H., Hadjisolomou, P., Jeon, C., … Ter-Avetisyan, S. (2017). CR-39 track detector for multi-MeV ion spectroscopy. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02331-wKanasaki, M., Hattori, A., Sakaki, H., Fukuda, Y., Yogo, A., Jinno, S., … Yamauchi, T. (2013). A high energy component of the intense laser-accelerated proton beams detected by stacked CR-39. Radiation Measurements, 50, 46-49. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.10.009Groza, A., Serbanescu, M., Butoi, B., Stancu, E., Straticiuc, M., Burducea, I., … Ganciu, M. (2019). Advances in Spectral Distribution Assessment of Laser Accelerated Protons using Multilayer CR-39 Detectors. Applied Sciences, 9(10), 2052. doi:10.3390/app9102052Zhang, Y., Wang, H.-W., Ma, Y.-G., Liu, L.-X., Cao, X.-G., Fan, G.-T., … Fang, D.-Q. (2019). Energy calibration of a CR-39 nuclear-track detector irradiated by charged particles. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 30(6). doi:10.1007/s41365-019-0619-xSeimetz, M., Bellido, P., Soriano, A., Garcia Lopez, J., Jimenez-Ramos, M. C., Fernandez, B., … Benlloch, J. M. (2015). Calibration and Performance Tests of Detectors for Laser-Accelerated Protons. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 62(6), 3216-3224. doi:10.1109/tns.2015.2480682Rana, M. A., & Qureshi, I. . (2002). Studies of CR-39 etch rates. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 198(3-4), 129-134. doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(02)01526-4Hermsdorf, D., Hunger, M., Starke, S., & Weickert, F. (2007). Measurement of bulk etch rates for poly-allyl-diglycol carbonate (PADC) and cellulose nitrate in a broad range of concentration and temperature of NaOH etching solution. Radiation Measurements, 42(1), 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.06.009Azooz, A. A., & Al-Jubbori, M. A. (2013). Interrelated temperature dependence of bulk etch rate and track length saturation time in CR-39 detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 316, 171-175. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2013.09.001Jadrníčková I, Spurný F. To the spectrometry of linear energy transfer in charged particle beams by means of track-etch detectors, Radiat Measure 43(2008): S191–S194, proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids. doi: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.04.010.Sadowski, M., Al-Mashhadani, E. M., Szydłowski, A., Czyzewski, T., Głowacka, L., Jaskóła, M., … Wieluński, M. (1995). Comparison of responses of CR-39 and PM-355 track detectors to fast protons, deuterons and 4He ions within energy range 0.2–4.5 MeV. Radiation Measurements, 25(1-4), 175-176. doi:10.1016/1350-4487(95)00066-nSadowski, M., Szydlowski, A., Jaskola, M., Czyzewski, T., & Kobzev, A. P. (1997). Comparison of responses of CR-39, PM-355, and CN track detectors to energetic hydrogen-, helium-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-ions. Radiation Measurements, 28(1-6), 207-210. doi:10.1016/s1350-4487(97)00069-3Henig, A., Steinke, S., Schnürer, M., Sokollik, T., Hörlein, R., Kiefer, D., … Habs, D. (2009). Radiation-Pressure Acceleration of Ion Beams Driven by Circularly Polarized Laser Pulses. Physical Review Letters, 103(24). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.245003Kar, S., Kakolee, K. F., Qiao, B., Macchi, A., Cerchez, M., Doria, D., … Borghesi, M. (2012). Ion Acceleration in Multispecies Targets Driven by Intense Laser Radiation Pressure. Physical Review Letters, 109(18). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.185006Palaniyappan, S., Huang, C., Gautier, D. C., Hamilton, C. E., Santiago, M. A., Kreuzer, C., … Fernández, J. C. (2015). Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas. Nature Communications, 6(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms10170McGuffey, C., Raymond, A., Batson, T., Hua, R., Petrov, G. M., Kim, J., … Beg, F. N. (2016). Acceleration of high charge-state target ions in high-intensity laser interactions with sub-micron targets. New Journal of Physics, 18(11), 113032. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/11/113032Ma, W. J., Kim, I. J., Yu, J. Q., Choi, I. W., Singh, P. K., Lee, H. W., … Nam, C. H. (2019). Laser Acceleration of Highly Energetic Carbon Ions Using a Double-Layer Target Composed of Slightly Underdense Plasma and Ultrathin Foil. Physical Review Letters, 122(1). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.014803Hegelich, M., Karsch, S., Pretzler, G., Habs, D., Witte, K., Guenther, W., … Roth, M. (2002). MeV Ion Jets from Short-Pulse-Laser Interaction with Thin Foils. Physical Review Letters, 89(8). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.085002Henig, A., Kiefer, D., Markey, K., Gautier, D. C., Flippo, K. A., Letzring, S., … Hegelich, B. M. (2009). Enhanced Laser-Driven Ion Acceleration in the Relativistic Transparency Regime. Physical Review Letters, 103(4). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.045002Carroll, D. C., Tresca, O., Prasad, R., Romagnani, L., Foster, P. S., Gallegos, P., … McKenna, P. (2010). Carbon ion acceleration from thin foil targets irradiated by ultrahigh-contrast, ultraintense laser pulses. New Journal of Physics, 12(4), 045020. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/4/045020Jung, D., Yin, L., Albright, B. J., Gautier, D. C., Letzring, S., Dromey, B., … Hegelich, B. M. (2013). Efficient carbon ion beam generation from laser-driven volume acceleration. New Journal of Physics, 15(2), 023007. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/023007Dollar, F., Zulick, C., Matsuoka, T., McGuffey, C., Bulanov, S. S., Chvykov, V., … Krushelnick, K. (2013). High contrast ion acceleration at intensities exceeding 1021 Wcm−2. Physics of Plasmas, 20(5), 056703. doi:10.1063/1.4803082Kohno, R., Yasuda, N., Takeshi, H., Kase, Y., Ochiai, K., Komori, M., … Kanai, T. (2005). Measurements of Dose-Averaged Linear Energy Transfer Distributions in Water Using CR-39 Plastic Nuclear Track Detector for Therapeutic Carbon Ion Beams. 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Epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentations, and prognoses of pediatric brain tumors: Experiences of national center for children’s health

BackgroundWe aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentations, and prognoses in a national health center for children.MethodsFrom January 2015 to December 2020, 484 patients aged 0-16 years, who were diagnosed with brain tumors and received neurosurgery treatment, were enrolled in the study. Pathology was based on the World Health Organization 2021 nervous system tumor classification, and tumor behaviors were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition.ResultsAmong the 484 patients with brain tumors, the median age at diagnosis was 4.62 [2.19, 8.17] years (benign tumors 4.07 [1.64, 7.13] vs. malignant tumors 5.36 [2.78, 8.84], p=0.008). The overall male-to-female ratio was 1.33:1(benign 1.09:1 vs. malignant 1.62:1, p=0.029). Nausea, vomiting, and headache were the most frequent initial symptoms. The three most frequent tumor types were embryonal tumors (ET, 22.8%), circumscribed astrocytic gliomas (20.0%), and pediatric-type diffuse gliomas (11.0%). The most common tumor locations were the cerebellum and fourth ventricle (38.67%), the sellar region (22.9%) and ventricles (10.6%). Males took up a higher proportion than females in choroid plexus tumors (63.6%), ET (61.1%), ependymal tumors (68.6%), and germ cell tumors (GCTs, 78.1%). Patients were followed for 1 to 82 months. The overall 5-year survival rate was 77.5%, with survival rates of 91.0% for benign tumors and 64.6% for malignant tumors.ConclusionBrain tumors presented particularly sex-, age-, and regional-dependent epidemiological characteristics. Our results were consistent with previous reports and might reflect the real epidemiological status in China

Altered Brain Function in Treatment-Resistant and Non-treatment-resistant Depression Patients: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

ObjectiveIn this study, we used amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) to observe differences in local brain functional activity and its characteristics in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and non-treatment-resistant depression (nTRD), and to explore the correlation between areas of abnormal brain functional activity and clinical symptoms.MethodThirty-seven patients with TRD, 36 patients with nTRD, and 35 healthy controls (HCs) were included in resting-state fMRI scans. ALFF and ReHo were used for image analysis and further correlation between abnormal brain regions and clinical symptoms were analyzed.ResultsANOVA revealed that the significantly different brain regions of ALFF and ReHo among the three groups were mainly concentrated in the frontal and temporal lobes. Compared with the nTRD group, the TRD group had decreased ALFF in the left/right inferior frontal triangular gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left cuneus and bilateral posterior lobes of the cerebellum, and increased ALFF in the left middle frontal gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus, and the TRD group had decreased ReHo in the left/right inferior frontal triangular gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and increased ReHo in the right superior frontal gyrus. Compared with the HC group, the TRD group had decreased ALFF/ReHo in both the right inferior frontal triangular gyrus and the left middle temporal gyrus. Pearson correlation analysis showed that both ALFF and ReHo values in these abnormal brain regions were positively correlated with HAMD-17 scores (P < 0.05).ConclusionAlthough the clinical symptoms were similar in the TRD and nTRD groups, abnormal neurological functional activity were present in some of the same brain regions. Compared with the nTRD group, ALFF and ReHo showed a wider range of brain area alterations and more complex neuropathological mechanisms in the TRD group, especially in the inferior frontal triangular gyrus of the frontal lobe and the middle temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

The relationship between serum adipokine fibroblast growth factor‐21 and gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract Aims/Introduction To explore the differences of serum fibroblast growth factor‐21 (FGF‐21) levels in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to analyze the relationship between FGF‐21 and glucose and lipid metabolic indicators, leptin, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP‐4) and adiponectin in GDM, in order to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of GDM. Materials and Methods Total of 120 women were included, and divided into normal glucose tolerance group (58 cases) and GDM group (62 cases) according to the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test results. General information were recorded; height, weight and blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, insulin, FGF‐21, leptin, RMP‐4, and adiponectin were measured, and body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment‐IR, homeostasis model assessment‐β and area under glucose curve were calculated. The t‐test, Pearson analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the differences and related factors of FGF‐21 in GDM. Results The pre‐pregnancy BMI, pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and FGF‐21 levels were higher in GDM group, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in leptin, RBP‐4 and adiponectin. Correlation analysis suggested that FGF‐21 level was correlated with age, pre‐pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, RBP‐4 and adiponectin, and the results of multiple linear regression showed that serum FGF‐21 was related to pre‐pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, leptin, RBP‐4 and adiponectin in GDM. Conclusions There were higher serum FGF‐21 levels in GDM, which might be related to pre‐pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, leptin, RBP‐4 and adiponectin