937 research outputs found
Security Analysis of Pairing-based Cryptography
Recent progress in number field sieve (NFS) has shaken the security of
Pairing-based Cryptography. For the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in finite
field, we present the first systematic review of the NFS algorithms from three
perspectives: the degree , constant , and hidden constant in
the asymptotic complexity and indicate that further
research is required to optimize the hidden constant. Using the special
extended tower NFS algorithm, we conduct a thorough security evaluation for all
the existing standardized PF curves as well as several commonly utilized
curves, which reveals that the BN256 curves recommended by the SM9 and the
previous ISO/IEC standard exhibit only 99.92 bits of security, significantly
lower than the intended 128-bit level. In addition, we comprehensively analyze
the security and efficiency of BN, BLS, and KSS curves for different security
levels. Our analysis suggests that the BN curve exhibits superior efficiency
for security strength below approximately 105 bit. For a 128-bit security
level, BLS12 and BLS24 curves are the optimal choices, while the BLS24 curve
offers the best efficiency for security levels of 160bit, 192bit, and 256bit.Comment: 8 figures, 8 tables, 5121 word
Does corporate social responsibility matter to management forecast precision? Evidence from China
This article investigates whether socially responsible companies
differ from other firms in the quality of earnings forecasts issued
by management. Specifically, using 5192 earnings forecast observations
of 669 Chinese listed companies from 2010 to 2016, we
examine whether companies that perform better in corporate
social responsibility (CSR) still provide higher-precision management
earnings forecasts compared with companies with poor CSR
performance, thereby presenting an image of transparent and
accountable disclosures. Through empirical research, this paper
finds that CSR is positively associated with management forecast
precision. This result is robust to using alternative measures of
CSR, considering mandatory disclosure sample and voluntary disclosure
sample, and controlling for potential endogeneity concern
by adopting the instrumental variable method. Furthermore, we
find the relationship between CSR and management forecast precision
is stronger in non-state-owned firms. Our findings suggest
that socially responsible companies will comply with higher ethical
standards and hence maintain their well-established social
reputation by disclosing high-quality earnings forecasts, which
lends support to the transparent forecast hypothesis. This paper
enriches the existing studies regarding the economic consequences
of CSR and adds empirical evidence from emerging markets
- …