4,373 research outputs found
Retarded Electromagnetic Interaction and Dynamic Foundation of Classical Statistical Mechanics and Elimination of Reversibility Paradox of Time reversal
It is proved in the paper that the non-conservative dissipative force and
asymmetry of time reversal can be naturally introduced into classical
statistical mechanics after retarded electromagnetic interaction between
charged microparticles is considered. In this way, the rational dynamic
foundation for classical statistical physics can established and the revised
Liouville equation is obtained. The micro-canonical ensemble, the canonical
ensemble, the distribution of near-independent subsystem, the distribution law
of the Maxwell- Boltzmann and the Maxwell distribution of velocities are
achieved directly from the Liouville equation without using the hypothesis of
equal probability. The micro-canonical ensemble is considered unsuitable as the
foundation of equivalent state theory again, for most of equivalent states of
isolated systems are not the states with equal probabilities actually. The
reversibility paradoxes in the processes of non-equivalent evolutions of
macro-systems can be eliminated completely, and the united description of
statistical mechanics of equivalent and nonequivalent states is reached. The
revised BBKGY series equations and hydromechanics equations are reduced, the
non-equivalent entropy of general systems is defined and the principle of
entropy increment of the non-equivalent entropy is proved at last.Comment: latex,22 page
The Absolutism of Space and Time with Variable Scalars and Gravitational Theory as well as Cosmology Established in Flat Reference Frame (1)
The Einstein theories of space-time and gravity as well the stander cosmology
are reconstructed thoroughly in this paper based on flat reference frame. The
rational parts of the Einstein theories are reserved while the irrational parts
including space-time paradoxes and singularities and so on are eliminated
completely. A more rational the theory of space-time, gravitation and cosmology
is established. By transforming the geodesic equation described by the
Schwarzschild solution of the Einsteins equation of gravitational field into
flat reference frame for of gravitational field, it is provdescription, the
revised formulas of the Newtonian gravitation is obtained. Based on the
formulas, all experiments which support general relativity can also be
explained well, but the theory has no any space-time singularity and other
strange characters which exist in general relativity. It is pointed that there
exists logical difficulties to use the equivalent principle to explain spectrum
gravitational redshift actually. The new formula of gravitational redshift and
the revised Doppler formula of redshift when light source moves in
gravitational field are deduced. Based on the Schwarzschild solution of the
Einstein equation field, it is proved that the speed of light would change and
the isotropy of light speed would be violated in gravitational field with
spherical symmetry. It is suggested to use the method of the Michelson Morley
interference to verify the change of light speed and the violation of isotropy
in the gravitational field of the earth. This experiment can be considered as a
new verification for general relativity in the weak gravitational field with
spherical symmetry. The theory may also be used to explain so-called the
Pioneer Anomaly which the Einstein theory of gravitation can not do.Comment: 38 pages, 6 figure
A More Rational and Perfect Scheme for C, P, T Transformations as well as C, T and CP Violations in the Regularization and Renormalization Processes of High Order Perturbations
Based on the original meanings of C, P, T transformations, a more perfect and
rational scheme is advanced. According to new scheme, the propagation function
of Femion would change a negative sign under C, T transformations, while that
of boson does not. When the C, P, T transformations of transition probabilities
are calculated, the results are similar to the current theory if the
renormalizations of high order processes are not considered. When mass
renormalizations are taken into account, for some high order perturbation
processes of electromagnetic interaction, C, T violations would be caused.
Meanwhile, the renormalization process of a single third order vertex angle of
electromagnetic interaction in momentum space also would violate P symmetry,
which leads to parity non-conservation for some high order electromagnetic
decays. But in the coordinate space for the sum of all third order vertex angle
processes, P symmetry still holds. Under the united CPT transformation, the
Hamiltonians of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions in the coordinate
space are invariable with a completely symmetrical form. The Compton scattering
of positive electron is suggested to verify the existence of C violation in the
high order mass renormalization processes of electromagnetic interaction. The T
violation in renormalization process can be used to explain the reversibility
paradox in the non-equilibrium evolution processes of macro-systems. The CP
violation may also be used to explain the problem of positive and
anti-material's asymmetry in our university.Comment: 38 page
Rationality Problems of the Principles of Equivalence and General Relativity
It is pointed out that at present we only prove that inertial static mass and
gravitational static mass are equivalent. We have not proved that inertial
moving mass and gravitational moving mass are also equivalent. It is proved by
the dynamic effect of special relativity that inertial moving mass and
gravitational moving mass are not equivalent. Besides, it can be proved that
the principle of general relativity is untenable. It is only an apparent
felling of mankind actually. Therefore, there exists serious defect in the
foundation of the Einsteins theory of gravitation. We need to renovate our
basic idea of space-time and gravity.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Restriction Conditions of Motion Equations of Non-Abelian Gauge Fields and Their Wave Solutions
Similar to introduce the Lorentz condition in the motion equation of
electromagnetic field, the restriction condition is introduced in the motion
equations of non-Ablian gauge fields so that the equations are simplified
greatly and their wave solutions are obtained. Only in this way, the Feynman
rule's use become rightful in the calculation of perturbation theory.Comment: 3 pages, late
The R-W Metric Has No Constant Curvature When Scalar Factor R(t) Changes With Time
The real physics meaning of constant k in the Robertson-Walker metric is
discussed when scalar factor R(t) is relative to time. Based on the curvature
formula of the Riemannian geometry strictly, the spatial curvature of the R-W
metric is calculated. The result indicates that the spatial curvature of the
R-W metric is not a constant when R(t) changes with time and the constant in
the R-W metric k does not represent spatial curvature factor. It can only be
considered as an adjustable parameter relative to the Hubble constant. The
result is completely different from the current understanding which is based on
specious estimation actually, in stead of strict calculation. In light of this
result, many conclusions in the current cosmology, such as the values of the
Hubble constant, dark material and dark energy densities, should be
re-estimated. In this way, we may get rid of the current puzzle situation of
cosmology thoroughly
Invariability Conditions of Motion Equations of non-Abelian Gauge Fields and Elimination of Higgs Mechanism
It is proved that in order to keep both the Lagrangian and the motion
equation of non-Abelian gauge fields unchanged under the gauge transformation
simultaneously, a certain restriction conditions should be established between
the gauge potentials and the group parameters. The result is equivalent to the
Faddeev--Popov theory. For non-Abelian gauge fields, it leads to the result
that the gauge potentials themselves are unchanged under gauge transformations.
In this way, the mass items can be added into the Lagrangian directly without
violating gauge invariability and the theory is also renormalizable so that the
Higgs mechanism becomes unnecessary. The description of gauge theory also
becomes more symmetrical and simple.Comment: 12 page
Absoluteness of Velocity Produced by Accelerating Process and Absolute Space-time Theory with Variable Scales
It is proved by means of the dynamical effects of special relativity that
velocity caused by accelerating process is not a relative concept. The
influence of accelerating process should be considered in space-time theory.
Besides the Newtonian absolute space-time theory with invariable space-time
scales and the Einstein relative space-time theory with variable space-time
scales, there exists the third space-time theory, i.e., the absolute space-time
theory with variable space-time scales. At present, special relativity is
divided into two parts, kinematics and dynamics. In kinematics, force and
acceleration are not considered so that space and time becomes relative
concepts. This division is completely artificial and irrational. The rational
space-time theory should be established on the foundation of dynamics
consistently. The changing rules of space, time and mass with speed should be
dependent of accelerating processes and with absolute significance. The real
meaning of invariability principle of high speed should be that we can not make
the speed of an object speed with rest mass reach and exceed the speed of light
in vacuum by the method of accelerating object. It is proved that the
absolutely resting reference frame exists. In order to eliminate multifarious
space-time paradoxes in special relativity, and coincide with Big-bang
cosmology, the absolutely resting frame is necessary. A method is put forward
to look for the absolutely resting reference frame. The isotropy reference
frame of cosmic microwave background radiation can be regarded as the
absolutely resting reference frame actually at present.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Equivalence of Descriptions of Gravity In Both Curved and Flat Space-time
It is proved in the manuscript that as long as the proper coordinate
transformation is introduced,, the equations of geodetic lines described in
curved space-time can be transformed into the dynamic equations in flat
space-time, that is to say, the Einstein theory of gravitation and other
theories based on the curved space-time can be identically transformed into
flat space-time to describe. As an example, the Schwarzschild solution of the
spherical symmetry gravitational field is transformed into flat space-time to
study. The results show that there exists no any singularity in the all
processes and the whole space-time including at the point r=0. So it seems more
rational to discuss the problems of gravitation in flat space-time.Comment: 17 pages, Late
The Precise Inner Solutions of Gravity field Equations of Hollow and Solid Spheres and the Theorem of Singularity
In the present calculation of the inner solution of gravity field equation
with spherical symmetry, in order to avoid the singularity appearing in the
center of sphere, we actually let the integral constant to be zero. It is
proved in this paper that the constant can not be zero. The metric of inner
gravity field of hollow sphere is calculated at first. Then let the inner
radius of hollow sphere become zero, we obtain the metric of inner gravity
field of solid sphere. Based on the definition of energy momentum tensor of
general relativity, the gravity masses of hollow and solid spheres in curved
space are calculated strictly. The results indicate that no matter what the
masses and densities of hollow sphere and solid sphere are, space-time
singularities would appear in the centers of spheres. Meanwhile, no matter what
the mass and density are, the intensity of pressure at the center point of
solid sphere can not be infinite. That is to say, the material can not collapse
towards the center of so-called black hole. In stead, it may be that there
exist the spherical surfaces of infinite pressure inside the hollow and solid
spheres, and material would collapse toward the surfaces so that the common
spheres are unsteady. At the center of solid sphere and on its neighboring
region, pressure intensities would become negative values. There may be a
region for hollow sphere in which pressure intensities would become negative
values too. The results only indicate that the singularity black holes
predicated by general relativity are caused by the descriptive method of curved
space-time and can not exist in nature actually. If black holes exist really in
the universe, they can only be the Newtonian black holes, not the Einstein's
black holes.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure
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